Аннотация. The  article  presents  the  results  of  competitiveness  surveys  held among  the  Russian  industrial  managers,  who  assess  the  levels  of  their products’ competitiveness and of their enterprises’ competition intensity; define the  markets   where   their   production   is  competitive;   describe   the  factors negatively  affecting  the  competitiveness  both  on  the  part  of  enterprises themselves  and  on  the  part  of  government  economic  policy.  The  article examines  the  role  of  the  state  in  increasing  competitiveness,  as  well  as  the impact of sanctions on competitiveness. The data are presented for the entire 20-year  period  of  competitiveness’  surveys,  but  special  attention  is  paid  to 2018–2019.