Статья поступила 03.04.2024. После доработки 24.05.2024. Принята к печати 27.05.2024.
Аннотация. Иностранная помощь, призванная облегчить жизнь самым бедным слоям населения, улучшить экономическую и политическую ситуацию в странах-реципиентах, создать там условия для развития демократических институтов, зачастую не выполняет эти функции. Богатые государства, предоставляя помощь, целенаправленно привязывают более бедные страны к своей экономике, порождая экономическую зависимость. Теория зависимости, разработанная в XX в., не потеряла актуальности по сей день. Примеры Кыргызстана и Таджикистана наглядно показывают связь между теорией зависимости и иностранной помощью.
Ключевые слова: Центральная Азия, теория зависимости, иностранная помощь, экономическое развитие, менее развитые страны, колониализм, помощь в целях развития, Глобальный Юг, Глобальный Север
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
1. Lee-Jones K. Overview of Corruption and Anticorruption in Central Asia. Transparency International, 28.01.2021. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep30842?seq=4 (accessed 02.03.2024).
2 Simon D., Narman A. Development Revisited: Development as Theory and Practice: Current Perspectives on Development and Development Cooperation. Harlow, Longman Press, 1999. 294 p.
3. Stevenson C. Foreign Aid as a Solution to Development. London, Routledge, 2006. 235 p.
4. Murad A., Alam Z. Foreign Aid: Origin, Evolution and its Effectiveness in Poverty Alleviation. The Dialogue, 2016, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 107-128. Available at https://www.qurtuba.edu.pk/thedialogue/TD/The%20Dialogue/11_1/Dialogue_January_March2016_107-125.pdf (accessed 25.02.2024).
5. Todaro M.P. Economics for a Developing World. Harlow, Essex, Longman, 1977. 444 p.
6. Lester B. Pearson Partners in Development: Report of the Commission on International Development. New York, Praeger, 1969. 400 p.
7. Aluko F., Arowolo D. Foreign Aid, the Third World’s Debt Crisis and the Implication for Economic Development: The Nigerian Experience. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 2010, vol. 4 (4), pp. 120-127.
8. Gukurume S. Interrogating Foreign Aid and the Sustainable Development Conundrum in African Countries: a Zimbabwean Experience of Debt Trap and Service Delivery. International Journal of Politics and Good Governance, 2012, vol. 3, no. 3.4, pp. 1-20.
9. Sachs J.D. End of Poverty. New York, Penguin Press, 2005. 413 p.
10. Easterly W. White Man’s Burden. Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good. Oxford University Press, 2006. 380 p.
11. Ferraro V. Dependency Theory: An Introduction. Giorgio S., ed. The Development Economics Reader. Routledge, 2008, pp. 58-64.
12. Sunkel O. National Development Policy and External Dependence in Latin America. The Journal of Development Studies, 1996, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 23-48. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220386908421311
13. Dos Santos T. The Structure of Dependence. The American Economic Review, 1970, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 231-236.
14. Kabonga I. Dependency Theory and Donor Aid: A Critical Analysis. Africanus: Journal of Development Studies, 2016, vol. 46, pp. 29-39. Available at: https://unisapressjournals.co.za/index.php/Africanus/article/view/1096 (accessed 15.05.2024).
15. Sogge D. Give and Take: What’s the Matter with Foreign Aid? Dhaka, London, University Press Ltd; Zed Books, 2002. 84 p.
16. Wolfensohn J. Keynote Address Delivered at the Woodrow Wilson International Center. World Bank, 2002. Available at: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/248441467991007257/pdf/101474-WP-Box393210B-PUBLIC-2002-03-06-JDW-A-Partnership-for-Development-and-Peace.pdf (accessed 13.02.2024).
17. Chong A., Gradstein M., Calderon C. Can Foreign Aid Reduce Income Inequality and Poverty? Public Choice, 2009, vol. 140, no. 1–2, pp. 59-84.
18. Johnston J. US Congress Passes Aid Accountability Legislation as Local Procurement Falls in Haiti. Center for Economic and Policy Research, 28.07.2014.
19. Deaton A. The Great Escape: Health, Wealth, and the Origin of Inequality. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2013. 265 p.
20. Collier P., Dollar D. Aid Allocation and Poverty Reduction. European Economic Review, 2002, vol. 26, pp. 1475-1500.
21. Collier P., Hoeffler A. Aid, Policy, and Growth in Post-Conflict Societies. World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper no. 2902, October 2002. 32 p.
22. Hansen H., Tarp F. Aid Effectiveness Disputed. Journal of International Development, 2000, vol. 12, pp. 375-398.
23. Hudson J., Mosley P. Aid, Policies and Growth: In Search of the Holy Grail. Journal of International Development, 2001, vol. 13, pp. 1023-1038.
24. Clemens M., Radelet S. The Millennium Challenge Account: How Much is Too Much, How Long is Long Enough? Centre for Global Development, 2003, no. 23, pp. 1-33.
25. Finckenstein V. How International Aid Can Do More Harm than Good: The Case of Lebanon. LSE IDEAS, 2021. Available at: https://www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/Assets/Documents/updates/LSE-IDEAS-How-International-Aid-Can-Do-More-Harm-Than-Good.pdf (accessed 04.02.2024).
26. Knack S. Aid Dependence and the Quality of Governance: Cross-Country Empirical Tests. Southern Economic Journal, 2001, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 310-329. Available at: http://doi.org/10.2307/1061596
27. Bräutigam D., Knack S. Foreign Aid, Institutions, and Governance in Sub-Saharan Africa. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 2004, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 255-285. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1086/380592
28. Alesina A., Weder B. Do Corrupt Governments Receive Less Foreign Aid? The American Economic Review, 2002, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 1126-1137.
29. Asongu S. Government Quality Determinants of Stock Market Performance in African Countries. Journal of African Business, 2012, vol. 13 (3), pp. 183-199.
30. Erbeznik K. Money Can’t Buy You Law: The Effects of Foreign Aid on the Rule of Law in Developing Countries. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 2011, vol. 18, iss. 2, pp. 873-900. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2979/indjglolegstu.18.2.873
31. Izobo M. The Impact of Foreign Aid in Africa: A Case Study of Botswana and Somali. Journal on Rule of Law, 2019, vol. 5, pp. 1-13.
32. Rubin M. Somalia Must Explain Missing Cash Before Receiving More Foreign Aid. The American Enterprise Institute, 21.10.2019. Available at: https://www.aei.org/op-eds/somalia-must-explain-missing-cash-before-receiving-more-foreign-aid/ (accessed 28.02.2024).
33. Lohani S. Effects of Foreign on Development: Does More Money Bring Development. The Park Place Economist, 2004, vol. 12, iss. 1, рp. 1-13. Available at: https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol12/iss1/20 (accessed 12.03.2024).
34. Condon B. China’s Loans Pushing World’s Poorest Countries to Brink of Collapse. The Associated Press, 18.05.2023. Available at: https://apnews.com/article/china-debt-banking-loans-financial-developing-countries-collapse-8df6f9fac3e1e758d0e6d8d5dfbd3ed6 (accessed 20.02.2024).
35. Omuraliev A. Donor Activity in Central Asian Countries since 1991. Cabar, 30.04.2020. Available at: https://cabar.asia/en/donor-activity-in-central-asian-countries-since-1991 (accessed 13.02.2024).
36. Русланова О. Как Кыргызстан пытается избежать “долговой ловушки”. Cabar, 27.07.2022.
Ruslanova O. How Kyrgyzstan Avoids the “Debt Trap”. Cabar, 27.07.2022. (In Russ.) Available at: https://cabar.asia/ru/kak-kyrgyzstan-pytaetsya-izbezhat-dolgovoj-lovushki (accessed 07.02.2024).
37. Satke R. The Downside of Foreign Aid in Kyrgyzstan. The Diplomat, 10.06.2017. Available at: https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/the-downside-of-foreign-aid-in-kyrgyzstan/ (accessed 16.02.2024).
38. Werker E. The Political Economy of Bilateral Foreign Aid. Harvard Business School BGIE Unit Working Paper No. 13-026, 05.09.2012. 24 p. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2141977 (accessed 07.03.2024).
39. Muratalieva N. Kyrgyzstan’s Path to Peak Repayments to China: Context and Dilemmas. The Diplomat, 03.08.2023. Available at: https://thediplomat.com/2023/08/kyrgyzstans-path-to-peak-repayments-to-china-context-and-dilemmas/ (accessed 18.03.2024).
40. Kudryavtseva T. Kyrgyzstan Has to Pay $400 Million of External Debt in 2024. KABAR, 08.02.2024. Available at: https://en.kabar.kg/news/kyrgyzstan-to-allocate-400-mln-to-pay-off-external-debt-in-2024/ (accessed 18.03.2024).
41. Schroeder M. Is the Devil in the Details? A Rare Look into a BRI Contract in Kyrgyzstan. Journal of Public & International Affairs, 26.05.2023. Available at: https://jpia.princeton.edu/news/devil-details-rare-look-bri-contract-kyrgyzstan (accessed 02.03.2024).
42. Dzhuraev E. Kyrgyz Post-Soviet Foreign Policy: A Habit of Dependency. Crossroads Central Asia, 2020, no. 7. Available at: https://crossroads-ca.org/kyrgyz-post-soviet-foreign-policy-a-habit-of-dependency/ (accessed 06.02.2024).
43. Dzamukashvili S. Tajikistan’s Costly Chinese Loans: When Sovereignty Becomes a Currency. Georgian Foundation for Strategic and International Studies, 09.09.2022. Available at: https://gfsis.org.ge/blog/view/1491 (accessed 19.02.2024).
44. Van der Kley D. The Full Story Behind China’s Gold Mine-Power Plant Swap in Tajikistan. The Diplomat, 14.04.2018. Available at: https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/the-full-story-behind-chinas-gold-mine-power-plant-swap-in-tajikistan/ (accessed 04.03.2024).
45. Bali S., Arora S. Sino-Central Asia Relations: Disturbance, Dependency or Development? Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 2023, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 412-425. Available at: https://doi.org/10.47305/JLIA2392555b
46. Bossuyt F. The EU’s and China’s Development Assistance towards Central Asia: Low Versus Contested Impact. Conference EUSA, 2017.
47. Kassenova N. China as an Emerging Donor in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Russia/NIS Center, 2009. Available at: https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/ifrichinacentralasiakassenovaengjanuary2008.pdf (accessed 10.03.2024).
ДРУГИЕ ИСТОЧНИКИ
1. Query Wizard for International Development Statistics. OECD. Available at: https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/development-co-operation-report-2010/query-wizard-for-international-development-statistics-qwids_dcr-2010-43-en#page1 (accessed 10.01.2024).
2. Defying Global Turmoil, Poverty Rates Fall Across Central Asia. World Bank, 17.10.2022. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/10/17/defying-global-turmoil-poverty-rates-fall-across-central-asia (accessed 21.02.2024).
3. Official Development Assistance (ODA). OECD iLibrary. Available at: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/official-development-assistance-oda/indicator-group/english_5136f9ba-en#:~:text=Aid%20includes%20grants%2C%20%22soft%22,these%20countries%20counts%20as%20ODA (accessed 07.02.2024).
4. Development, Untied. Unleashing the Catalytic Power of Official Development Assistance through Renewed Action on Untying. European Network on Debt and Development, 2018. Available at: https://assets.nationbuilder.com/eurodad/pages/506/attachments/original/1590678963/5ba3ccab62fe0.pdf?1590678963 (accessed 22.02.2024).
5. Corruption Perceptions Index 2018. Transparency International, 2018. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053429/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2018/results (accessed 14.02.2024).
6. Внешний долг Кыргызстана. Министерство финансов Республики Кыргызстан, 2022.
External Debt of Kyrgyzstan. Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, 2022. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.minfin.kg/search?search=%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3 (accessed 01.02.2024).
7. The Kyrgyz Republic: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. International Monetary Fund, 2014. Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2014/cr14247.pdf (accessed 19.02.2024).
8. Kyrgyzstan: Donor-Funded AIDS Project Shines Light on Corruption Issue. Eurasianet, 06.09.2012. Available at: https://eurasianet.org/kyrgyzstan-donor-funded-aids-project-shines-light-on-corruption-issue (accessed 30.03.2024).
9. А. Жапаров рассказал, какие объекты могут перейти Китаю, если не выплатить долг. SPUTNIK Кыргызстан, 29.06.2022.
A. Zhaparov Told Which Facilities Can Be Transferred to China if the Debt is not Paid. SPUTNIK Kyrgyzstan, 29.06.2022. (In Russ.) Available at: https://ru.sputnik.kg/20220629/kyrgyzstan-kitay-dolg-vyplata-zhaparov-1065661953.html (accessed 23.05.2024).
10. Kyrgyzstan’s Debt to China: Yet Another Lever of Influence? OCA Magazine, 17.07.2023. Available at: https://www.ocamagazine.com/2023/07/17/kyrgyzstans-debt-to-china-yet-another-lever-of-influence/ (accessed 26.02.2024).
Нет комментариев