88Статья поступила 13.03.2024. После доработки 19.04.2024. Принята к печати 03.05.2024.
Аннотация. Реформа субсидий на ископаемые виды топлива (РСИВТ) – тема, настойчиво внедряемая Западом в международное регулирование в рамках климатической повестки. Применяемая для ее обоснования методология выходит далеко за рамки термина “субсидия”. Объективным свойствам ценовой и налоговой политики, осуществляемой суверенными правительствами развивающихся стран исходя из своих экономических задач, придается негативная окраска. Фактически речь идет о создании дополнительного нетарифного инструмента влияния на межстрановую конкуренцию в мировой торговле в интересах развитых стран. Такой линии Запада необходимо оппонировать во взаимодействии с партнерами по расширенному БРИКС, ЕАЭС, арабскими странами на всех международных площадках, где обсуждается РСИВТ.
Ключевые слова: реформа субсидий на ископаемые виды топлива, углеродная цена, углеродный налог, РКИК ООН, субсидии, климатическое регулирование, налоговая политика, изменение климата, углеводороды, нефть
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
1. Kojima M., Koplow D. Fossil Fuel Subsidies: Approaches and Valuation. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, no. 7220, 23.03.2015. 54 p. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2584245 (accessed 17.01.2024).
2. Coady D., Gillingham R., Ossowski R., Piotrowski J., Tareq S., Tyson J. Petroleum Product Subsidies: Costly, Inequitable, and Rising. IMF Staff Position Note, 25.02.2010. 20 p. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781455239108.004
3. Kosmo M. Money to Burn? The High Costs of Energy Subsidies. Washington, World Resources Institute, 1987. 68 p.
4. Coady D., Parry I., Sears L., Shang B. How Large Are Global Energy Subsidies? CESifo Working Paper Series, no. 5814, 17.03.2016. 38 p. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2766224
5. Parry I., Black S., Vernon N. Still Not Getting Energy Prices Right: A Global and Country Update of Fossil Fuel Subsidies. IMF Working Paper, no. 2021/236, September 2021. Available at: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2021/09/23/Still-Not-Getting-Energy-Prices-Right-A-Global-and-Country-Update-of-Fossil-Fuel-Subsidies-466004 (accessed 29.01.2024).
6. Parry I., Heine D., Lis E., Li S. Getting Energy Prices Right: From Principle to Practice. Washington, International Monetary Fund, 2014. 206 p.
7. Jewell J., McCollum D., Emmerling J., Bertram C., Gernaat D., Krey V., Paroussos L., Berger L., Fragkiadakis K., Keppo I., Saadi N., Tavoni M., van Vuuren D., Vinichenko V., Riahi K. Limited Emissions Reductions from Fuel Subsidy Removal Expect in Energy Exporting Regions. Nature, 08.02.2018, vol. 554, pp. 229-233. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25467 (accessed 29.01.2024).
8. Schwanitz V.J., Piontek F., Bertram C., Luderer G. Long-term Climate Policy Implications of Phasing out Fossil Fuel Subsidies. Energy Policy, 2014, no. 67, pp. 882-894. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.12.015
9. Chan N. The ‘New’ Impacts of The Implementation of Climate Change Response Measures. Review of European Comparative & International Environmental Law, 2016, 25 (2), pp. 228-237. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12161
10. Stephens J. Time to Stop Investing in Carbon Capture and Storage and Reduce Government Subsidies of Fossil Fuels. WIREs Climate Change, 2014, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 169-173. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.266
11. Heubaum H., Biermann F. Integrating Global Energy and Climate Governance: The Changing Role of the International Energy Agency. Energy Policy, 2015, vol. 87, iss. C, pp. 229-239. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.09.009
12. Ellis J., Moarif S. Identifying and Addressing Gaps in the UNFCCC Reporting Framework. OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers, 2015, no. 2015/07. Paris, OECD Publishing. 35 p. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1787/5jm56w6f918n-en
13. Eriksson J., Reischl G. Worlds Apart, Worlds Together: Converging and Diverging Frames in Climate and Energy Governance. Globalizations, 2018. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2018.1518864
14. Bernstein S. Ideas, Social Structure and the Compromise of Liberal Environmentalism. European Journal of International Relations, 2000, vol. 6, iss. 4. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066100006004002
15. Zelli F., Bäckstrand K., Nasiritousi N., Skovgaard J., Widerberg O., eds. Governing the Climate-Energy Nexus. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2020. 269 p. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676397
16. Rive V. Anatomy of an International Norm Entrepreneur. Skovgaard J., van Asselt H., eds. The Politics of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and Their Reform. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2018, рр. 156-172. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108241946
17. Elgouacem A. Designing Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reforms in OECD and G20 Countries: A Robust Sequential Approach Methodology. OECD Environment Working Papers, 2020, no. 168. 38 p. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1787/d888f461-en
18. Scovgaard J. The Economisation of Climate Change. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2021. 277 p. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108688048
19. Black S., Liu A., Parry I., Vernon N. IMF Fossil Fuel Subsidies Data: 2023 Update. Working Paper no. WP/23/169. Washington, IMF, August 2023. 30 p. Available at: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2023/08/22/IMF-Fossil-Fuel-Subsidies-Data-2023-Update-537281 (accessed 31.01.2024).
20. Rennert K., Errickson F., Prest B., Rennels L., Newell R., Pizer W., Kingdon C., Wingenroth J., Cooke R., Parthum B., Smith D., Cromar K., Diaz D., Moore F., Müller U., Plevin R., Raftery A., Ševčíková H., Sheets H., Stock J., Tan T., Watson M., Wong T., Anthoff D. Comprehensive Evidence Implies a Higher Social Cost of CO2. Nature, September 2022, pp. 687-692. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05224-9
21. Gerasimchuk I. G20 Scorecard of Fossil Fuel Funding. Non-OECD Member Country Russia. Winnipeg, International Institute of Sustainable Development, 2020. 2 p. Available at: https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2020-11/g20-scorecard-russia.pdf (accessed 29.01.2024).
22. Порфирьев Б.Н., Широв А.А., Колпаков А.Ю. Комплексный подход к стратегии низкоуглеродного социально-экономического развития России. Георесурсы, 2021, т. 23, № 3, cc. 3-7.
Porfiriev B.N., Shirov A.A., Kolpakov A.Yu. Complex Approach to the Strategy of Low-carbon Development of Russia. Georesursy, 2021, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 3-7. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.18599/grs.2021.3.1
23. Порфирьев Б.Н., Широв А.А., Колпаков А.Ю. Стратегия низкоуглеродного развития: перспективы для экономики России. Мировая экономика и международные отношения, 2020, т. 64, № 9, cс. 15-25.
Porfiriev B.N., Shirov A.A., Kolpakov A.Yu. Low-Carbon Development Strategy: Prospects for the Russian Economy. World Economy and International Relations, 2020, vol. 64, no. 9, pp. 15-25. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-9-15-25
24. Bernstein S. The Compromise of Liberal Environmentalism. New York, Columbia University Press, 2001. 288 p. Available at: https://doi.org/10.7312/bern12036
25. Бирюкова О.В., Глазатова М.К., Ильина И.Е., Клочко О.А., Курапова А.Г., Ларионов А.В., Лихачева А.Б., Макаров И.А., Портанский А.П., Поташев Н.А., Скрябина В.Ю., Судакова Ю.М., Тимофеев А.В., Царик Е.В., Шуранова А.А. Новые подходы к внешнеэкономической стратегии России: аналитический доклад. Москва, Международные отношения, 2024. 240 с.
Biryukova O.V., Glazatova M.K., Ilina I.E., Klochko O.A., Kurapova A.G., Larionov A.V., Likhacheva A.B., Makarov I.A., Portanskiy A.P., Potashev N.A., Skryabina V.Yu., Sudakova Yu.M., Timofeev A.V., Tsarik E.V., Shuranova A.A. New Approaches to External Economic Strategy of Russia: Analytical Report. Moscow, Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 2024. 240 p. (In Russ.) Available at: http://doi.org/10.29039/978-5-7133-1766-9
ДРУГИЕ ИСТОЧНИКИ
1. Energy Subsidies: Tracking the Impact of Fossil-Fuel Subsidies. Paris, International Energy Agency. Available at: https://www.iea.org/topics/energy-subsidies (accessed 24.12.2023).
2. World Energy Outlook. Paris, OECD, 2011. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1787/weo-2011-en
3. Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Summary for Policymakers. IPCC, 2022. 48 p. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ (accessed 29.01.2024).
4. Leader‘s Statement – G20 USA (2009). Аbstract 24. Available at: https://www.g20.org/pt-br/sobre-o-g20/cupulas-anteriores/g20_eua_2009_communique.pdf/@@download/file (accessed 30.01.2024).
5. Leader`s Statement – G20 Mexico (2012). Abstract 74. Available at: https://www.g20.org/pt-br/sobre-o-g20/cupulas-anteriores/g20_mexico_2012_communique.pdf/@@download/file (accessed 30.01.2024).
6. SDG Indicators – Global Indicator Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and Targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. New York, United Nations Statistics Division, 2017. Available at: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/indicators-list/ (accessed 29.01.2024).
7. Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform. Available at: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/fossil_fuel_e.htm#fnt-1 (accessed 23.01.2024).
8. Glasgow Climate Pact. UNFCCC, Decision -/CP.26. 13.11.2021. Available at: https://unfccc.int/documents/310475 (accessed 23.01.2024).
9. First Global Stocktake. UN FCCC/PA/CMA/2023/L.17, 13.11.2023. Available at: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma2023_L17_adv.pdf (accessed 23.01.2024).
10. van Asselt H., Jones N., Skovgaard J. How the UNFCCC Can Tackle Fossil Fuel Subsidies at COP 28 and Beyond. IISD, 27.11.2023. Available at: https://www.iisd.org/articles/insight/unfccc-tackle-fossil-fuel-subsidies-cop-28 (accessed 30.01.2024).
11. COP28: Netherlands Launches International Coalition to Phase out Fossil Fuel Subsidies. Hague, Government of the Netherlands. Available at: https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2023/12/09/cop28-netherlands-launches-international-coalition-to-phase-out-fossil-fuel-subsidies (accessed 01.02.2024).
12. OECD Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels 2023. Paris, OECD, 2023. Available at: https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/agriculture-and-food/oecd-inventory-of-support-measures-for-fossil-fuels-2023_87dc4a55-en#page4 (accessed 25.01.2024).
13. Larsen B., Shah A. World Fossil Fuel Subsidies and Global Carbon Emissions. Washington, World Bank, 1992. 31 р.
14. Fossil Fuel Subsidies in Clean Energy Transitions: Time for a New Approach? Paris, International Energy Agency, February 2023. Available at: https://www.iea.org/reports/fossil-fuel-subsidies-in-clean-energy-transitions-time-for-a-new-approach (accessed 31.01.2024).
15. Measuring Fossil Fuel Subsidies in the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals. New York, United Nations Development Programme, 2019. 94 p. Available at: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/28111/FossilFuel.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (accessed 31.01.2024).
16. Doubling Back and Doubling Down: G20 Scorecard on Fossil Fuel Funding. Winnipeg, International Institute of Sustainable Development, November 2020. 46 p. Available at: https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2020-11/g20-scorecard-report.pdf (accessed 29.01.2024).
17. Laan T., Geddes A. Fanning the Flames: G20 Provides Record Financial Support for Fossil Fuels. International Institute for Sustainable Development, August 2023. 25 p. Available at: https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-08/g20-fossil-fuel-support-methodology.pdf (accessed 25.01.2024).
18. Fossil Fuel Consumption Subsidies 2022. Paris, International Energy Agency, February 2023. Available at: https:// www.iea.org/reports/fossil-fuels-consumption-subsidies-2022 (accessed 31.01.2024).
Нет комментариев