132Статья поступила 23.10.2023. После доработки 14.12.2023. Принята к печати 01.03.2024.
Аннотация. В статье представлен сравнительный анализ возрожденного теократического политического устройства Афганистана и предыдущего правящего режима “демократического авторитаризма” президента Ашрафа Гани. В рамках современной афганской теократической модели верховный лидер Хайбатулла Ахундзада обладает широкими полномочиями во внутренней и внешней политике страны, и его указания выполняются беспрекословно. При президенте Ашрафе Гани, несмотря на некоторые достижения в области образования и здравоохранения, мнение парламента не имело особого значения, оппозиция была лишена реальной власти, псевдодемократический режим поддерживался аппаратом безопасности, выборы фальсифицировались, в государстве наблюдалась масштабная коррупция и дискриминация этнических меньшинств, процветал наркобизнес. В отличие от режима президента Ашрафа Гани, при котором центром притяжения был Кабул, в настоящее время политическая власть в Афганистане сконцентрирована в Кандагаре. Автор приходит к выводу о наличии схожих черт, характерных как для правления талибов, так и для режима Ашрафа Гани, который пытался скрыть авторитарную сущность своей власти под формальным фасадом демократии. Для обоих режимов характерны авторитарные методы управления, централизация и “пуштунизация” власти, дискриминация этнических меньшинств.
Ключевые слова: Афганистан, исламский эмират, движение “Талибан”, теократический режим, “демократический авторитаризм”
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