Archive numbers

The opening section of the Fall–Winter issue – No. 2 (69) for 2025 – is devoted to working with databases on issues of war and peace. It presents a new Russian database on international interventions from 1992 to 2022 and a comprehensive study of humanitarian ceasefires based on a comparative analysis of data from international datasets. In the second section, devoted to conflict and security issues in the Middle East and South Asia, a comparative analysis of the concepts of proportionality and military necessity in International Humanitarian Law and Islamic Law is presented. The evolution of the pro-Iranian “Axis of Resistance” and Iran’s Middle East policy are explored, as well as the views of the Iranian non-systemic opposition on the 2025 twelve-day war with Israel. The section also includes an analysis of the causes and consequences of the mass “Generation Z” protests in Nepal in September 2025, as well as studies of India and Pakistan’s rivalry in space technology and of Pakistan’s use of the repatriation of Afghan refugees as leverage against the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. The Trump administration’s revision of development assistance policies is examined, with a focus on foreign aid to Afghanistan. The third section on security issues in Africa includes articles on the assessment of disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration projects in Mali and peacebuilding strategies in the Central African Republic, as well as conflicts involving the de facto state of Somaliland and the role of the Nile water distribution issue in Egypt’s foreign policy. The final section reinterprets the role of drug cartels in Latin America as de facto parties in internal armed conflicts and provides a critical analysis of the Western model of postconflict statebuilding as applied to post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina.