13Received 17.11.2025. Revised 23.12.2025. Accepted 30.12.2025.
Abstract. Modern resource policy, which governs the incorporation of mineral raw materials into economic circulation, is undergoing significant changes at both the international and national levels. Influence in the global arena is shifting from resource-owning countries to those possessing advanced technologies and successfully integrating the mineral resource sector into their economies. A new phenomenon is the emergence of tariff wars, aimed at protecting the unilateral advantages of leading consumer countries. Understanding these transformations is crucial for the effective utilization of Russia’s resource potential and the formulation of national development priorities. Within the present international context Russia’s resource policy is largely determined by the process of adaptation to external shocks. The policy aims at reorganizing economic institutions to preserve and strengthen sovereignty, promote alternative formats of international cooperation, and enhance the sustainability of internal development. The evolving trajectory of Russia’s resource policy reflects attempts to modify formal and informal institutions and adapt economic management and strategic decision-making systems in a constrained institutional environment. That includes rebalancing of previously established economic institutions in order to promote import substitution, diversify export routes, and restructure national production capacity. Investments in energy infrastructure and logistics, which expand production capacity while circumventing such institutional constraints as limited access to external markets and foreign technologies, are crucial for the success of such institutional adaptation. The imperative is development of national scientific and technological potential, which will enhance resilience to global challenges. Given the drop in capital outflow from Russia due to Western sanctions, the growth of non-oil and gas budget revenues, and the urgent need for investment in expansion and modernization of industrial production, the optimal economic course should combine strict monetary policy with targeted fiscal stimulus measures, within the framework of indicative planning and implementation of large national development.
Keywords: resource policy, institutional theory, tariff regimes, resources management, business informatics, Russia, USA, Trump administration
REFERENCES
1. Greer S.L. et al. The Second Trump Administration: A Policy Analysis of Challenges and Opportunities for European Health Policymakers. Health Policy, 2025. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2025.105350
2. Trump D.J. Immediate Measures to Increase American Mineral Production (Executive Order). The White House, 20.03.2025. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/03/immediate-measures-to-increase-american-mineral-production/ (accessed 23.09.2025).
3. Wang Q., Ren F., Li R. Geopolitics and Energy Security: A Comprehensive Exploration of Evolution, Collaborations, and Future Directions. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 2024, vol. 11, no. 1. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03507-2
4. Schmid M. Rare Earths in the Trade Dispute between the US and China: A deja vu. Intereconomics, 2019, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 378-384. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-019-0856-6
5. Aslan M., Aslan K. The Russian Resilience against Sanctions: The Roles of Proactive Policies and External Geopolitical Factors. Journal of Humanity and Society, 2025, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 32-56. Available at: https://doi.org/10.12658/M0761
6. Egli D., Westermann F. Whether to Choose Tariffs or Subsidies to Protect a Domestic Industry. Journal of Economic Integration, 2003, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 150-163.
7. Acemoglu D., Johnson S., Robinson J.A. Institutions às à Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth. Aghion P., Durlauf S., eds. Handbook of Economic Growth, vol. 1. Elsevier, 2005, pp. 385-472.
8. Young O.R. Resource Regimes: Natural Resources and Social Institutions. Berkeley, University of California Press, 2023. 400 p.
9. Young O.R. International Cooperation: Building Regimes for Natural Resources and the Environment. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1989. 312 p.
10. Young O.R. International Regimes: Problems of Concept Formation. World Politics, 1986, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 337-365.
11. Young O.R. Political Leadership and Regime Formation: On the Development of Institutions in International Society. International Organization, 1991, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 349-376.
12. Young O.R. International Governance: Protecting the Environment in a Stateless Society. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1994. 228 p.
13. Keohane R.O. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1984. 264 p.
14. North D.C. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990. 224 p.
15. Kryukov V.A. Institutional Structure of the Oil and Gas Sector: Problems and Directions of Transformation. Novosibirsk, IEOPP SB RAS, 1998. 276 p. (In Russ.)
16. Fioretos O., Rittenberg T., Sikkink K. The Oxford Handbook of Historical Institutionalism. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2016. 651 p.
17. Afontsev S.À. New Trends in the Development of the World Economy. World Economy and International Relations, 2019, vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 36-46. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2019-63-5-36-46
18. Dynkin A., Telegina E., Khalova G. Prospects and Challenges of International Economic and Energy Cooperation after the COVID‑19 Pandemic. World Economy and International Relations, 2021, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 5-10. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-3-5-10
19. Karanfil F., Omgba L.D. The Energy Transition and Export Diversification in Oil-Dependent
Countries: The Role of Structural Factors. Ecological Economics, 2023, vol. 204, 107681. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107681
20. Leruth L. et al. Critical Minerals: Who Controls the Supply Chains? Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2022. Available at: https://www.piie.com/publications/working-papers/2022/green-energy-depends-critical-minerals-who-controls-supply-chains (accessed 23.09.2025).
21. Schoneich S., Saulich C., Muller M. Traceability and Foreign Corporate Accountability in Mineral Supply Chains. Regulation & Governance, 2023. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/rego.12527 (accessed 23.09.2025).
22. Trump D.J. Regulating Imports with a Reciprocal Tariff to Rectify Trade Practices that Contribute to Large and Persistent Annual United States Goods Trade Deficits (Executive Order no. 14257). The White House, 02.04.2025. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/04/regulating-imports-with-a-reciprocal-tariff-to-rectify-trade-practices-that-contribute-to-large-and-persistent-annual-united-states-goods-trade-deficits/ (accessed 23.09.2025).
23. Chen L., Hu B. Is Reshoring Better than Offshoring? The Effect of Offshore Supply Dependence. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 2017, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 166-184.
24. York E., Durante A. Trump Tariffs: Tracking the Economic Impact of the Trump Trade War. Tax Foundation, 2025. Available at: https://taxfoundation.org/research/all/federal/trump-tariffs-trade-war/ (accessed 23.09.2025).
25. Baldwin R. The Great Trade Hack: How Trump’s Trade War Fails and the World Moves On. Rapid Response Economic #5. Centre for Economic Policy Research, 2025. Available at: https://cepr.org/system/files/publication-files/251007-the_great_trade_hack_how_trump_s_trade_war_fails_and_the_world_moves_on.pdf (accessed 23.09.2025).
26. Irwin D.A. The Historic Significance of Trump’s Tariff Actions. Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2025. Available at: https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economics/2025/historic-significance-trumps-tariff-actions (accessed 23.09.2025).
27. Holzner M. Trump’s ‘Reciprocal’ Tariffs: A Farcical Repetition of the Tragic Trade Policies of the 1930s. The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, 2025. Available at: https://wiiw.ac.at/trump-s-reciprocal-tariffs-afarcical-repetition-of-the-tragic-trade-policies-of-the-1930s-n-676.html (accessed 23.09.2025).
28. Zlobin A. “Rosatom” and “Nornikel” Requested Benefits for Russia’s First Lithium Project. Forbes, 31.01.2024. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.forbes.ru/biznes/505295-rosatom-i-nornikel-poprosili-l-got-dla-pervogo-litievogo-proekta-v-rossii (accessed 23.09.2025).
29. Tesa L.L., Mendoza E.G. Supply-Side Economics in an Integrated World Economy. International Monetary Fund, 1993. Available at: https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/001/1993/081/article-A001-en.xml (accessed 23.09.2025).
30. Karpov D. Dependence of Russia on Imports of Intermediate Goods and External Trade Shocks. Bank of Russia, 2023. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.cbr.ru/content/document/file/149496/analytic_note_20230628_dip.pdf (accessed 23.09.2025).
31. Wallerstein I. World-Systems Analysis: An Introduction. Durham, Duke University Press, 2004. 251 p.
SOURCES
1. Tracking Regulatory Changes in the Second Trump Administration. Brookings Institution, 2025. Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/articles/tracking-regulatory-changes-in-the-second-trump-administration/ (accessed 02.07.2025).
2. Customs and Trade Facilitation: Modernizing Customs Agencies. International Monetary Fund, 2022. Available at: https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9798400200120/CH003.xml (accessed 23.09.2025).
3. Tariff Simulation Dashboard. Available at: https://tina.trade/app/dashboard/SYC-AND/tariff-simulation (accessed 25.07.2025).
4. UN Tariff Simulator. Hinrich Foundation, 10.06.2025. Available at: https://www.hinrichfoundation.com/research/article/trade-distortion-and-protectionism/unescap-tariff-simulator/ (accessed 25.07.2025).
5. Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Declares National Emergency to Increase our Competitive Edge, Protect our Sovereignty, and Strengthen our National and Economic Security. The White House, 02.04.2025. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/04/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-declares-national-emergency-to-increase-our-competitive-edge-protect-our-sovereignty-and-strengthen-our-national-and-economic-security/ (accessed 23.09.2025).
6. Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Imposes Tariffs on Imports from Canada, Mexico and China. The White House, 01.02.2025. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/02/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-imposes-tariffs-on-imports-from-canada-mexico-and-china/ (accessed 23.09.2025).
7. U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services December and Annual 2024. Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2025. Available at: https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/2025-02/trad1224.pdf (accessed 23.09.2025).
8. Reciprocal Tariff Calculations. Office of the United States Trade Representative. Available at: https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/Issue_Areas/Presidential%20Tariff%20Action/Reciprocal%20Tariff%20Calculations.pdf (accessed 23.09.2025).
9. Reciprocal Tariffs, Adjusted by Country. The White House, 2025. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Annex-I.pdf (accessed 23.09.2025).
10. Modifying Reciprocal Tariff Rates to Reflect Trading Partner Retaliation and Alignment. The White House, 09.04.2025. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/04/modifying-reciprocal-tariff-rates-to-reflect-trading-partner-retaliation-and-alignment/ (accessed 23.09.2025).
11. Further Modifying the Reciprocal Tariff Rates. The White House, 31.07.2025. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/07/further-modifying-the-reciprocal-tariff-rates/ (accessed 23.09.2025).
12. Russia Economic Update: Trade and Growth. Washington, World Bank, 2024.
13. Product Sharing: Pros and Cons. Subbotin M.A., ed. Moscow, Taktika, 2007. 448 p. (In Russ.)
14.New Participation Criteria in “Sakhalin‑1” Will Affect Indian and Japanese Companies. Bulletin of the Association of Oil and Gas Service Companies, 18.09.2025. (In Russ.) Available at: https://nangs.org/news/upstream/novye-kriterii-uchastiya-v-sakhaline-1-kosnutsya-indijskikh-i-yaponskikh-kompanij?utm_source=newsletter_3056&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=n-d-n (accessed 23.09.2025).
15. Putin Amended Conditions for Foreigners to Obtain Shares in “Sakhalin-1.” RIA Novosti, 15.08.2025. (In Russ.) Available at: https://ria.ru/20250815/putin-2035572839.html (accessed 23.09.2025).
16. On the Dynamics of Industrial Production. Results of 2024. Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, 2025. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/file/8aa341310b8d9fb9d1c97ae486d87979/o_dinamike_promyshlennogo_proizvodstva_itogi_2024_goda.pdf (accessed 23.09.2025).
17. Renewed Rise in Manufacturing New Orders in May. Russia Manufacturing PMI. S&P Global, 02.06.2025. Available at: https://www.pmi.spglobal.com/Public/Home/PressRelease/5c738986acf448dab096e514d772038f (accessed 23.09.2025).
18. EDB Macroeconomic Outlook 2024–2026. Eurasian Development Bank. Available at: https://eabr.org/en/press/news/the-edb-macroeconomic-outlook-2024-2026-edb-raises-economic-growth-forecast-for-most-countries-in-th/ (accessed 23.09.2025).
No comments