Print

Russians’ Relocation to Türkiye 2022–2023

24
Rubric: Greater Middle East
DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2025-69-5-87-97
EDN: REGOME
E. Arlyàpova, ORCID 0000-0002-8095-7229, elena.s.arlyapova@gmail.com
Institute of System-Strategic Analysis (ISSA), 16, Kuskovskaya Str., Moscow, 111398, Russian Federation.
E. Ponomareva, ORCID 0000-0001-8370-8597, nastya304@mail.ru
Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Relations of the Russian Federation, 76, Prosp. Vernadskogo, Moscow, 119454, Russian Federation.
N. Senturk, ORCID0009-0009-0127-3987, nermiyesenturk@gmail.com
Independent Researcher, Istanbul, Türkiye.
 

Received 07.10.2024. Revised 21.01.2025. Accepted 27.02.2025.

Abstract. The article examines the migration of Russians to Türkiye from February 2022 to the end of 2023 and its socioeconomic impact on the host country. The study identifies the sociological profile of Russian relocants: educated and financially secure individuals, who maintain connections with Russia and remain highly engaged in domestic affairs. The analysis is based on statistical data, sociological surveys, and materials from Russian and international media. Particular attention is given to the factors influencing Russians’ decision to move to Türkiye, including its convenient geographical location, favorable climate, and relatively simple and financially accessible legalization process. At the same time, adaptation is hindered by language barriers and employment difficulties for foreigners. The mass influx of Russians in 2022 led to an increase in real estate prices, as well as the cost of goods and services, prompting the Turkish government to introduce countermeasures, such as raising the price of “investment passports” and restricting the number of districts available for residence permits.

Keywords: migration, relocation, relocant, Ukrainian crisis, Russian-Turkish relations, Russian demographics


REFERENCES

1. Dzagurov G.A. The resettlement of mountaineers to Türkiye: Materials on the history of the mountain peoples. Rostov-on-Don, Sevkavkniga, 1925. 202 p. (In Russ.)

2. Uludag S. The migration of Russians to Türkiye is 100 years: What has been the impact of migration on Turkish society? Sputnik Türkiye, 12.12.2021. (In Turk.) Available at: https://sputniknews.com.tr/20211212/beyaz-ruslarin-turkiyeye-gocunun-100-yili-gocun-turk-toplumuna-etkisi-ne-oldu-1051679308.html (accessed 25.01.2025).

3. Shulgin V.V. 1920. The essays. Moscow, Giz, 1922. 43 p. (In Russ.) Available at: http://militera.lib.ru/memo/russian/shulgin_vv/index.html (accessed 25.01.2025).

4. Vertinsky A.N. Dear long… Moscow, Pravda, 1991. 576 p. (In Russ.)

5. Slobodskoy A. Among the emigration. My memories. Kiev–Constantinople 1918–1920. Kharkov, 1925. 129 ð. (In Russ.) Available at: https://rev-lib.com/sredi-emigracii-moi-vospominaniya-kiev-konstantinopol-1918-1920/ (accessed 25.01.2025).

6. Uturgauri S.N. White Russians on the Bosphorus: 1919–1929. Moscow, Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2013. 328 p. (In Russ.)

7. Îldzhaĭ T., ed. Russian White emigration in Türkiye a century later. Moscow, House of Russian Abroad, 2019. 396 p. (In Russ.)

8. Karaçay A.B. The “New wave” of Russian emigration to Türkiye. International Relations and International Law Journal, 2023, vol. 104, no. 4, pp. 33-39. Available at: https://doi.org/10.26577/IRILJ.2023.v104.i4.04 

9. Gudoshnikov S. The most popular foreign destinations among Russians in 2022 are named. Afisha Daily, 22.12.2022. (In Russ.) Available at: https://daily.afisha.ru/news/71331-nazvany-samye-populyarnye-zarubezhnye-napravleniya-u-rossiyan-v-2022-godu/?ysclid=m1epket6zx816935285 (accessed 25.01.2025).

10. May T. ACI World Reveals Top 10 Busiest Airports in 2023. Airport Industry News, 16.04.2024. Available at: https://airportindustry-news.com/aci-world-reveals-top-10-busiest-airports-in-2023/ (accessed 30.01.2025).

11. Lunkova V. Russians have again become leaders in buying housing in Türkiye. RBC, 14.03.2024. (In Russ.) Available at: https://realty.rbc.ru/news/65f2d12e9a794786656cea92 (accessed 13.02.2025).

12. Gustova N. The demand of Russians for housing in the UAE and Türkiye has fallen sharply. RBC, 18.04.2024. (In Russ.) Available at: https://rbcrealty.ru/news/661f9bbb9a794797a6a8bfc6 (accessed 12.02.2025).

13. Bashlykova N. They don’t need the coast: Russians have almost halved their purchases of real estate abroad. Izvestia, 01.08.2024. (In Russ.) Available at: https://iz.ru/1735866/natalia-bashlykova/ne-nuzhen-im-bereg-rossiiane-pochti-vdvoe-sokratili-pokupki-nedvizhimosti-za-rubezhom (accessed 13.02.2025).

14. Volodinà M. Ankara raises its status. Rossiyskaya gazeta, 20.04.2023. (In Russ.) Available at: https://rg.ru/2023/04/20/ankara-povyshaet-status.html (accessed 12.02.2025).

15. Nosovsky A. Average salary in Türkiye by profession and region. IWorld, 02.08.2024. (In Russ.) Available at: https://iworld.com/ru/blog/salary-turkey (accessed 15.12.2025).

16. Ulchenko N.Yu. Strengthening the economic positions of the Islamic part of the Turkish bourgeoisie under Erdogan. World Economy and International Relations, 2020, vol. 64, no. 8, pp. 46-55. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-8-46-55

17. Gustova N. Türkiye has tightened the rules for renting accommodation to tourists. What does it mean. RBC-Real Estate, 03.11.2023. (In Russ.) Available at: https://realty.rbc.ru/news/6543f4cf9a7947abf0bc45b7 (accessed 11.02.2025).

18. Kazantseva N.A., Ostapenko V.A. Relocation of specialists from Russia: scale and economic consequences. Management of the personnel and intellectual resources in Russia, 2023, no. 2, pp. 24-29. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.12737/2305-7807-2023-12-2-24-29

19. Rudenkin D.V. Special scientific emigration: why are scientists leaving Russia? Sociodigger, 2023, vol. 4, no. 3–4, pp. 14-22. (In Russ.)

20. Minchenko E.N. “Russia gone”: external and internal emigration. Sociodigger, 2023, vol. 4, no. 3–4, pp. 35-38. (In Russ.)

21. Rumyantseva E. Residence permit is not for everyone: what has changed for Russian relocants in Türkiye. RBC-Pro, 05.10.2023. (In Russ.) Available at: https://pro.rbc.ru/demo/651a789e9a79479733a7501c (accessed 16.02.2025).

22. Shakirova M. “Waiting out the time of Troubles”: why Russians leave for Türkiye. Forbes, 18.04.2022. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.forbes.ru/svoi-biznes/462425-perezdat-smutnoe-vrema-pocemu-rossiane-uezzaut-v-turciu-i-cto-ih-tam-zdet?ysclid=m5zfryp1yc335373791 (accessed 25.01.2025).


SOURCES

1. Airline ticket sellers have revealed the most popular destinations in 2022. RBC, 11.12.2022. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.rbc.ru/society/11/12/2022/639541b49a79470fc12cf335?ysclid=m74hixcxt48102215 (accessed 13.02.2025).

2. Türkiye reported that in 2022 it issued the majority of residence permits to Russians. RIA News, 15.01.2023. (In Russ.) Available at: https://ria.ru/20230115/vnzh-1845061543.html (accessed 30.01.2025).

3. The Russian Federation became the leader in the number of tourists in Türkiye in 2023. Interfax, 31.01.2024. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.interfax.ru/world/943840 (accessed 14.02.2025).

4. Number of people with Russian citizenship living in Europe as of January 1, 2023, by selected country. Statista, March 2024. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1294283/russian-citizens-living-in-europe-2021-by-country/ (accessed 15.02.2025).

5. International Migration Statistics, 2022. TÜİK, 24.07.2023. (In Turk.) Available at: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Uluslararasi-Goc-Istatistikleri-2022-49457 (accessed 15.02.2025).

6. Turkey Consumer Price Index (CPI): Seasonally Adjusted. CEIC. Available at: https://www.ceicdata.com/en/turkey/consumer-price-index-annual/consumer-price-index-seasonally-adjusted (accessed 15.02.2025).

7. JPMorgan predicted a collapse of the Turkish lira by 30%. RBC, 14.04.2023. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.rbc.ru/quote/news/article/643978169a7947328b24b390 (accessed 15.02.2025).

8. Republic of Türkiye: 2022 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; and Staff Report. International Monetary Fund, 18.01.2023. Available at: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2023/08/17/Republic-of-Trkiye-2022-Article-IV-Consultation-Press-Release-and-Staff-Report-538023 (accessed 12.02.2025).

9. Progress and barriers in the integration of Russian emigrants. Demoscope Weekly, 2024, no. 1019-1020. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2024/01019/opros05.php (accessed 15.02.2025).

10. Minimum wage research (2024). Arastirma. (In Turk.) Available at: https://arastirma.disk.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/ASGARI-UCRET-2024-RAPOR.pdf (accessed 15.02.2025).

11. The minimum wage in Türkiye will be increased by 49% from January. TASS, 27.12.2024. (In Russ.) Available at: https://tass.ru/ekonomika/19641357 (accessed 16.02.2025).

12. Inflation in Türkiye in July slowed at the fastest pace since 2022. Finam, 05.08.2024. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.finam.ru/publications/item/inflyatsiya-v-turtsii-v-iyule-zamedlilas-samymi-bystrymi-tempami-s-2022-goda-20240805-1042/ (accessed 15.02.2025).

13. Turkey inflation rate. Trading Economics, 12.08.2024. Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/turkey/inflation-cpi (accessed 10.02.2025).

14. Turkey unemployment rate. Trading Economics, 10.08.2024. Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/turkey/unemployment-rate (accessed 12.02.2025).

15. Turkey Residential Property Price Index. Trading Economics, 07.08.2024. Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/turkey/housing-index (accessed 15.02.2025).

16. Endeksa May Data: Antalya, Istanbul and Mersin are the Provinces with the Highest Annual Value Increase. Endeksa, 21.06.2022. (In Turk.) Available at: https://www.endeksa.com/tr/blog/yazi/endeksa-mayis-verileri-yillik-deger-artisi-en-yuksek-iller-antalya-istanbul-ve-mersin (accessed 15.02.2025). 


For citation:
Arlyapova E., Ponomareva E., Senturk N. Russians’ Relocation to Türkiye 2022–2023. World Eñonomy and International Relations, 2025, vol. 69, no. 5, pp. 87-97. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2025-69-5-87-97 EDN: REGOME

Contents World Eñonomy and International Relations. 2025, vol. 69, no. 5

Comments (0)

Show

No comments

Add comment







Indexed

 

 

 

 

Dear authors! Please note that in the VAK List of peer-reviewed scientific journals, in which the main scientific results of dissertations for the degree of candidate and doctor of sciences should be published for the “MEMO Journal” the following specialties are recorded:
economic sciences:
5.2.5. World Economy.
5.2.1. Economic Theory
5.2.3. Regional and Branch Economics
political sciences:
5.5.4. International Relations
5.5.1. History and Theory of Politics
5.5.2. Political Institutions, Processes, Technologies

 

Current Issue
2025, vol. 69, No. 7
Topical Themes of the Issue:
  • Fragmentation of Global Social Capital
  • Türkiye and the Gulf Monarchies as Foreign Policy Balancers in Central Asia
  • African Vector of Italian Foreign Policy
  • Greater Middle East
Announcement

Dear authors of the journal!

Please note that the author's copies of the issues in which your texts are published are kept in the editorial office for no more than one year. After this period expires, the editorial office has the right to dispose of unclaimed copies at its own discretion.

Dear authors of the journal!

We would like to inform you that the materials proposed for publication in our journal must be submitted only through the form located on the journal website in the “Submit an article” section.

 

Submit an Article
Submit an Article
INVITATION FOR PUBLICATION
The Editorial Board invites authors to write analytical articles on the following topics:
  • changes in the processes of globalization in modern conditions
  • formation of the new world order
  • shifts in civilization at the stage of transition to a digital society

The editors are also interested in publishing synthesis articles / scientific reviews revealing the main trends in the development of certain regions of the world - Latin America, Africa, South Asia, etc.

Scientific and Practical Seminar of IMEMO, RIAC
and the MEMO Journal