32Received 01.07.2024. Revised 08.10.2024. Accepted 29.11.2024.
Acknowledgements. The article has been supported by a grant of the Russian Science Foundation. Project no. 23-78-10036, https://rscf.ru/en/project/23-78-10036/
Abstract. The article investigates the dynamics of educational migration from Kazakhstan and identifies factors influencing the attraction of foreign students. It traces the evolution of Kazakhstan’s educational policy from the 1990s, highlighting significant initiatives like the “Bolashak” program and the country’s integration into the European Higher Education Area. The study emphasizes the measures taken to enhance the accessibility and quality of higher education, including the establishment of foreign university branches in Kazakhstan. Using regression analysis, the research identifies key factors influencing educational migration, such as urbanization level, Internet accessibility, and the number of students enrolled in higher education. The analysis reveals a strong positive correlation between the percentage of Internet users and student outflows, indicating the role of digital information in shaping students’ decisions to study abroad. Conversely, urbanization and the number of graduates show a positive impact on attracting foreign students to Kazakhstan. The article also discusses the country’s strategic efforts to become a regional hub for student mobility, particularly through the creation of the Central Asian Higher Education Area (CAHEA). It evaluates recent policies aimed at increasing the proportion of foreign students and the challenges faced in implementing these initiatives. The practical significance of this research lies in its potential to inform policymakers about effective strategies to manage educational migration. By analyzing the relationship between educational policies and migration patterns, the study offers insights into enhancing Kazakhstan’s attractiveness as a destination for higher education. The findings highlight the importance of urban educational centers and digital infrastructure in supporting the country’s educational goals and reducing brain drain.
Keywords: educational migration, Kazakhstan, foreign students, higher education policy, push factors, pull factors, education export
REFERENCES
1. De Haas H. Migration and Development. A Theoretical Perspective. Working Paper ¹ 9. International Migration Institute, University of Oxford, 2008. 57 p.
2. Castles St., Miller M. The Age of Migration. International Population Movements in the Modern World. London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 369 p.
3. Wallerstein I. The Politics of World Economy: The States, the Movements, and the Civilizations. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1984. 191 p.
4. Bakewell O. Re-launching Migration Systems. Working Paper ¹ 60. Oxford, International Migration Institute, University of Oxford, 2012. 19 p.
5. Ivakhnyuk I. Formation and Functioning of the Eurasian Migration System. Abstract of the Diss. for the degree of Dr. Sci. (Econ.) Moscow, 2008. 46 p. (In Russ.)
6. Pogorelskaya A. Eurasian Labour Migration in XX – Beginning of XXI Century. Contemporary Europe, 2020, no. 2, pp. 188-195. (In Russ.) Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope22020188195
7. Ryazantsev S.V., Pismennaya E.E., Vorobeva O.D. The Euro-Asian Migration Corridor: Theoretical Aspects, Assess the Magnitude and Key Characteristics. Scientific Review. Series 1: Economics and Law, 2020, no. 3–4, pp. 5-18. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.fnisc.ru/publ.html?id=8039&type=publ (accessed 28.11.2024).
8. Naissimova G., Buzurtanova M., Smagulov K., Kartashov K. Mobile Students from Kazakhstan: Migration for Education or Education for Emigration? Studies of Transition States and Societies, 2021, no. 2, pp. 51-69. Available at: https://doi.org/10.58036/stss.v13i2.946
9. Rakisheva B.I., Poletaev D.V. Educational Migration from Kazakhstan to Russia as One of Cooperation Aspects in Customs Union Development. Journal of Eurasian Economic Integration, 2011, no. 3 (12), pp. 85-89. (In Russ.) Available at: https://eabr.org/upload/iblock/c13/n3_2011_8.pdf (accessed 02.04.2024).
10. Yesimova Sh.À., Khasenova L.A. The Current State and Prospects for the Development of Academic Mobility in the Universities of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Economy: Strategy and Practice, 2022, no. 17 (1), pp. 127-143. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.51176/1997-9967-2022-1-127-143
11. Ulmyasbaeva A.O. Factor Analysis of Interregional Educational Youth Migration. Medicine. Sociology. Philosophy. Applied Research, 2019, no. 6, pp. 57-59. (In Russ.) Available at: https://medsociofil.ru/upload/iblock/e8d/%E2%84%966%202019%20%D0%9C%D0%A1%D0%A4.pdf (accessed 02.04.2024).
12. Lee E.S. A Theory of Migration. Demography, 1966, vol. 3 (1), pp. 47-57. DOI: 10.2307/2060063
13. Chankseliani M. Escaping Homelands with Limited Employment and Tertiary Education Opportunities: Outbound Student Mobility from Post-Soviet Countries. Population, Space and Place, 2016, vol. 22 (3), pp. 301-316. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1932
14. Jussibaliyeva A.K., Iskakova D.M., Duisenbayeva B.B., Tleuberdiyeva S.S., Iskakova D.B. Economic Aspects and Factors of Educational and Labor Migration of Kazakhstan Youth Abroad. Economy: Strategy and Practice, 2022, no. 17 (2), pp. 126-145. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.51176/1997-9967-2022-2-126-145
15. Burangulov E.R. State Policy in the Field of Higher Education in Modern Kazakhstan: Features and Development Trends. The Caspian Region: Politics, Economics, Culture, 2023, no. 1 (74), pp. 64-67. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.54398/1818510Õ_2023_1_64
16. Kultanova A.Ye., Kunurkulzhayeva G.T., Abzhan Zh.K. The Influence of Economic Indicators of the Country on Youth International Migration: a Comparative Analysis. Economy: Strategy and Practice, 2023, vol. 18 (1), pp. 210-226. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.51176/1997-9967-2023-1-210-226
17. Kuznetsov N.G. Bibliometric Analysis of Educational Emigration Studies. DEMIS. Demographic Research, 2023, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 100-110. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.19181/demis.2023.3.3.7
18. Ledeneva V.Yu., Lomakina O.V., Dzhunusov A.M., Begasilov B.T. Educational Policy of Kazakhstan in the Context of Youth Migration. Vysshee obrazovanie v Rossii = Higher Education in Russia, 2021, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 156-168. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.31992/0869-3617-2021-30-6-156-168
19. Pogorelskaya A.M., Troitskiy E.F., Pakulin V.S. Higher Education Internationalisation in Kazakhstan (2022–2023): Course Continuity or Change in the Focus? Vysshee obrazovanie v Rossii = Higher Education in Russia, 2024, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 68-86. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.31992/0869-3617-2024-33-1-68-86
SOURCES
1. The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan ¹ 2110-XII adopted on 10 April 1993 “On Higher Education”. 10.04.1993. (In Russ.) Available at: https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1001895 (accessed 02.04.2024).
2. On the State Programme of Education Development in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2005–2010. Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 11.10.2004. (In Russ.) Available at: https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/U040001459_ (accessed 02.04.2024).
3. On the Adoption of the State Programme of Education Development in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2011–2020. Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 07.12.2010. (In Russ.) Available at: https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/U1000001118 (accessed 02.04.2024).
4. On the Adoption of the State Programme “Digital Kazakhstan”. Ministry of Digital Development, Innovations and Aerospace Industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 12.12.2017. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mdai/documents/details/adilet/P1700000827?lang=ru (accessed 02.04.2024).
5. Number of Young People (by years). Bureau of National Statistics, Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2023. (In Russ.) Available at: https://stat.gov.kz/ru/industries/social-statistics/demography/dynamic-tables/ (accessed 02.04.2024).
6. Outbound Internationally Mobile Students by Country of Origin. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Available at: http://data.uis.unesco.org/# (accessed 02.04.2024).
7. “Bolashak” in Numbers. Center for International Programs, 2024. (In Russ.) Available at: https://bolashak.gov.kz/ru (accessed 02.04.2024).
8. The Number of Foreign Students in Kazakhstani Universities Has Reached 30 Thousand: the Number of Those Coming from Far Abroad Countries Has Increased. Ministry of Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 20.12.2021. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/edu/press/news/details/303592?lang=ru (accessed 02.04.2024).
9. The Number of Foreign Students is Decreasing in Kazakhstan. El.kz, 19.12.2022. (In Russ.) Available at: https://clck.ru/3AitLk (accessed 02.04.2024).
10. Higher Education in the Republic of Kazakhstan (at the Beginning of the 2023–2024 Academic Year). Bureau of National Statistics, Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2023. (In Russ.) Available at: https://stat.gov.kz/api/iblock/element/112858/file/ru/ (accessed 02.04.2024).
11. Higher Education System in Kazakhstan. ENIC-Kazakhstan. Higher Education Development National Center. (In Russ.) Available at: https://enic-kazakhstan.edu.kz/ru/reference_information/sistema-vysshego-obrazovaniya-v-kazahstane (accessed 02.04.2024).
12. Analysis of Central Asian Educational Market and Recommendations for Central Asian Higher Education Systems Development. Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Bologna Process and Academic Mobility Center, 2022. (In Russ.) Available at: https://enic-kazakhstan.edu.kz/uploads/additional_files_items/170/file/analiz-obrazovatelnogo-rynka-stran-ca.pdf?cache=1682576071 (accessed 02.04.2024).
13. Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan adopted on 28 March 2023 No. 248 “On the Adoption of the Concept of Higher Education and Science Development in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2023–2029”. Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 28.03.2023. (In Russ.) Available at: https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P2300000248#z474 (accessed 02.04.2024).
14. Opening New Branches of Foreign Leading Universities in Kazakhstan. Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 23.02.2023. Available at: https://www.ceenqa.org/wp-content/uploads/Internationalisation_of_Kazakh_higher_education.pdf (accessed 02.04.2024).
15. Results of the Universities’ International Activities Monitoring in 2023. Analytical Information. Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Higher Education Development National Center, 2023. (In Russ.) Available at: https://clck.ru/3EmbAC (accessed 02.04.2024).
16. Kazakhstan. World Bank Group. Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/country/kazakhstan?view=chart (accessed 02.04.2024).
No comments