128Received 19.09.2023. Revised 12.11.2023. Accepted 20.11.2023.
Abstract. Various approaches to the space economy are considered, its components are highlighted. Space and the knowledge about it, being the bedrock of the space economy, are considered as a public good. The space economy as a factor of geopolitics and realization of sustainable development goals is an area of competition and cooperation for global actors. On the one hand, the leading role of the State and its expenditures now and next in space exploration and development is emphasized, on the other hand, the growing role of public and private companies’ partnership is gaining momentum, including commercial projects for launching people into space not only for research, but also for recreational purposes by reusable launch vehicles. The gap between the USA as a leader of the space economy and its competitors exploring and using space for civil and military purposes has been statistically proven. The traditional disparity between spending on civilian and military projects in space is shrinking, and the parity may be set by 2030. The key role of France – the leading country of the EU and of the countries of the ESA – in the genesis and development of the space economy in the West European part of the continent is revealed. Such an important role of France is largely due to the attention that has historically been paid to this sphere of the national economy, based on the use of nuclear technologies by the only nuclear power in the EU. The dynamics of the space economy is not in favor of France and Europe, largely due to insufficient financing (both public and private), with a great difference between European space budget and that of the USA and China. The conclusion is made that it is unlikely for France (and the EU) to bridge the gap with these leaders in the foreseeable future, despite the planned increase in investments for this innovative sector of the economy.
Keywords: space, economy, government spending, private business, USA, France, European Union, European Space Agency
REFERENCES
1. Greenberg J.S., Hertzfeld H.R., eds. Space Economics. Washington, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1992. Vol. 144. XV, 438 p.
2. Hopkins R. Strategic Communications Framework Implementation Plan. NASA, 27.06.2007. 78 p. Available at: https://media2.spaceref.com/news/2007/StratCommPlan.2007.06.26.pdf (accessed 04.10.2023).
3. Kurbegovic D. Space Tourism and Economy Market Size is Projected to Surpass $900 Billion by 2030. Finbold, 04.08.2022. Available at: https://finbold.com/space-tourism-and-economy-market-size-is-projected-to-surpass-900-billion-by-2030/ (accessed 04.10.2023).
4. Pankova L.V., Kazennov S.Yu., Gusarova O.V., eds. Military-Economic Development in the Context of Global Transformations. Moscow, IMEMO, 2019. 84 p. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.20542/978-5-9535-0556-7
5. Baranovsky V.G., Ivanova N.I., eds. Global Governance: Possibilities and Risks. Moscow, IMEMO, 2015. 315 p. (In Russ.)
6. Weinzierl M., Sarang M. The Commercial Space Age is Here. Harvard Business Review, 12.02.2021. Available at: https://hbr.org/2021/02/the-commercial-space-age-is-here (accessed 04.10.2023).
7. Danilin I.V., Shavlay E.P. India’s Policies in Support of the New Space. MGIMO Review of International Relations, 2022, vol. 15, no. 5, ðð. 113-134. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2022-5-86-113-134
8. Danilin I.V. NASA, Astropreneurs and Future Markets: New Models of the U. S. Innovation Policy for Space Industry. Outlines of Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, Low, 2018, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 166-183. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2018-11-2-166-183
9. Danilin I.V. 60 Years after “Sputnik”: on the Threshold of a New “Space Race”. Year of the Planet, 2017, pp. 147-162. (In Russ.)
10. Ivanova N.I., ed. Science and Innovation: Priority Selection. Moscow, IMEMO, 2012. 235 p. (In Russ.)
11. Voitolovsky F.G., Kuznetsov A.V., eds. State in the Epoch of Globalization: Economy, Politics, Security. Global Development. Iss. 3. Moscow, IMEMO, 2008. 219 p. (In Russ.)
12. Grush L., Kendall T. Global Space Spending Is Projected to Grow 41% Over the Next Five Years. Bloomberg, 24.07.2023. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-24/global-space-economy-projected-to-grow-41-over-next-five-years (accessed 04.10.2023).
13. Brukardt R. The Benefits of the Space Economy – with More to Come. McKinsey & Company, 28.11.2022. Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/aerospace-and-defense/our-insights/how-will-the-space-economy-change-the-world (accessed 04.10.2023).
14. San L. Pourquoi l’Europe doit (absolument) résoudre ses problèmes d’accès à l’espace. Franceinfo, 13.04.2023. Available at: https://www.francetvinfo.fr/sciences/espace/pourquoi-l-europe-doit-absolument-resoudre-ses-problemes-d-acces-a-l-espace_5730077.html (accessed 04.10.2023).
15. Morgan S. Blast-off: Europe’s Place in the Space Race. Euractiv, 28.08.2019. Available at: https://www.euractiv.com/section/aerospace/news/blast-off-europes-place-in-the-space-race/ (accessed 04.10.2023).
16. Tani C. European Space Agency €16.9B Budget Not Enough to Catch up with US and China, Says Industry. Science Business, 24.11.2022. Available at: https://sciencebusiness.net/news/european-space-agency-eu169b-budget-not-enough-catch-us-and-china-says-industry (accessed 04.10.2023).
17. Guillermard V. Près de 17 milliards d’euros débloqués pour l’Agence spatiale européenne. Le Figaro, 23.11.2022. Available at: https://www.lefigaro.fr/conjoncture/l-agence-spatiale-europeenne-adopte-un-budget-de-17-milliards-d-euros-en-forte-hausse-20221123 (accessed 04.10.2023).
18. Posaner J. The Race for Europe’s Place in Space. Politico, 13.08.2019. Available at: https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-space-race/ (accessed 04.10.2023).
SOURCES
1. OECD Handbook on Measuring the Space Economy. 2nd ed. Paris, OECD, 2022. 150 p. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1787/8bfef437-en
2. The Space Report Q2 2023, Showing Annual Growth of Global Space Economy to $546B. Space Foundation, 25.07.2023. Available at: https://www.spacefoundation.org/2023/07/25/the-space-report-2023-q2/ (accessed 04.10.2023).
3. Make Space for Europe. ESA Agenda 2025, 31.03.2021. 17 p. Available at: https://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/ESA_Agenda_2025_final.pdf (accessed 04.10.2023).
4. SPACE as Critical National Infrastructure: Is It Time for Countries to Declare So? Commtel, 31.03.2023. Available at: https://commtelnetworks.com/space-as-critical-national-infrastructure-is-it-time-for-countries-to-declare-so/ (accessed 04.10.2023).
5. Government Expenditure on Space Programs Worldwide from 2014 to 2022 (in Billion U. S. Dollars). Statista, 03.02.2023. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/745731/global-governmental-spending-on-space-programs/ (accessed 04.10.2023).
6. Global Turnover of the Space Economy 2009–2021. Statista, 23.08.2023. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/946341/space-economy-global-turnover/ (accessed 04.10.2023).
7. Space Economy for People, Planet and Prosperity. OECD, 2021. 26 ð.
8. New Record in Government Space Defense Spendings Driven by Investments in Space Security and Early Warning. Euroconsult, 15.12.2022. Available at: https://www.euroconsult-ec.com/press-release/new-record-in-government-space-defense-spendings-driven-by-investments-in-space-security-and-early-warning/ (accessed 04.10.2023).
9. Government Expenditure on Space Programs in 2020 and 2022, by Major Country (in Billion U. S. Dollars). Statista, 06.02.2023. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/745717/global-governmental-spending-on-space-programs-leading-countries/ (accessed 04.10.2023).
10. United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs Annual Report 2022. UN, June 2023. 84 p. Available at: https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/annualreport/UNOOSA_Annual_Report_2022.pdf (accessed 04.10.2023).
11. Cumulative Number of Objects Launched into Outer Space. Our World in Data. Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-number-of-objects-launched-into-outer-space (accessed 04.10.2023).
12. FY2022 Agency Financial Report. NASA, 2022. 121 p.
13. FY2019 Agency Financial Report. NASA, 2019. 168 ð.
14. Space Investment Quarterly Q2, 2023. New York, Space Capital, 2023. 10 p.
15. Space. The Dawn of a New Age. Citi Global Perspectives & Solutions, 09.05.2022. Available at: https://icg.citi.com/icghome/what-we-think/citigps/insights/space_20220509 (accessed 04.10.2023).
16. Space: Investing in the Final Frontier. Morgan Stanley, July 2020. Available at: https://www.morganstanley.com/ideas/investing-in-space (accessed 04.10.2023).
17. EU Space Programme – Performance. Programme in a Nutshell. European Commission, 2022. Available at: https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/performance-and-reporting/programme-performance-statements/eu-space-programme-performance_en (accessed 04.10.2023).
18. World Development Indicators. The World Bank. Available at: https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (accessed 04.10.2023).
19. Rapport d’information déposé en application de l’article 145 du Règlement par la Commission de la défense nationale et des forces armées en conclusion des travaux d’une mission d’information sur le secteur spatial de défense. Assemblée nationale, 15.01.2019. 181 p.
20. Audition conjointe avec l’Office parlementaire d’évaluation des choix scientifiques et technologiques (OPECST) de M. Josef Aschbacher. Compte rendu no. 23. Assemblée nationale, 08.02.2023. 17 p. Available at: https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/16/comptes-rendus/due/l16due22230023_compte-rendu.pdf (accessed 04.10.2023).
21. Le rapport d’activité. CNES, 2022. 70 p. Available at: https://cnes.fr/sites/default/files/drupal/202306/default/is_annual-report-cnes-2022.pdf (accessed 04.10.2023).
22. Avis sur l’éthique de la défense spatiale. Ministère des armées, 29.09.2022. 22 ð. Available at: https://www.defense.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/ministere-armees/Comit%C3%A9%20d%27%C3%A9thique%20de%20la%20d%C3%A9fense-avis%20defense%20spatiale.pdf (accessed 04.10.2023).
23. Coup d’envoi du volet spatial de France Relance. Ministère de l’économie, des finances et de la souveraineté industrielle et numérique, 11.02.2021. Available at: https://www.economie.gouv.fr/plan-de-relance/coup-envoi-volet-spatial-france-relance (accessed 04.10.2023).
24. No. 62–2022: Ministers Back ESA’s Bold Ambitions for Space with Record 17% Rise. ESA, 23.11.2022. Available at: https://www.esa.int/Newsroom/Press_Releases/Ministers_back_ESA_s_bold_ambitions_for_space_with_record_17_rise (accessed 04.10.2023).
25. France 2030: Les données spatiales au service de l’action publique. Ministère de l’Économie, des Finances et de la Souveraineté industrielle et numérique, 11.04.2023. Available at: https://www.entreprises.gouv.fr/fr/actualites/france-2030-donnees-spatiales-au-service-de-l-action-publique (accessed 04.10.2023).
26. Déclaration conjointe France, Allemagne et Italie sur l’espace. Ministère de l’Économie, des Finances et de la Souveraineté industrielle et numérique, 22.11.2022. Available at: https://presse.economie.gouv.fr/22112022-declaration-conjointe-france-allemagne-et-italie-sur-lespace/ (accessed 04.10.2023).
27. Commission des affaires économiques. Compte rendu no. 55. Assemblée nationale, 07.04.2021. 15 p. Available at: https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/15/comptes-rendus/cion-eco/l15cion-eco2021055_compte-rendu.pdf (accessed 04.10.2023).
28. The EU’s 2021–2027 Long-term Budget and NextGenerationEU. Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union, 2021. 73 ð. Available at: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/d3e77637-a963-11eb-9585-01aa75ed71a1/language-en (accessed 04.10.2023).
29. Revolution Space. Report of the High-Level Advisory Group on Human and Robotic Space Exploration for Europe. Europe’s Mission for Space Exploration, 23.03.2023. 39 p. Available at: https://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/corporate/h-lag_brochure.pdf (accessed 04.10.2023).
30. Discours de la Première ministre Élisabeth Borne au Congrès international d’astronautique. Gouvernement, 19.09.2022. Available at: https://www.gouvernement.fr/discours/discours-delisabeth-borne-premiere-ministre-au-congres-international-dastronautique (accessed 04.10.2023).
No comments