73Received 31.05.2023. Revised 10.06.2023. Accepted 29.06.2023.
Abstract. The energy crisis experienced by the European Union and representing a serious non-military threat to its security has not bypassed Spain. This is a country with a high degree of dependence on hydrocarbon imports. However, the energy crisis there has a number of specific features. It began in autumn 2021, when Algeria – the main supplier of gas to Spain – severed diplomatic relations with Morocco and closed the gas pipeline GME passing through its territory. In March 2022, yielding to the pressure of Rabat, Madrid changed its position on Western Sahara, de facto recognizing its belonging to Morocco. Since the start of the special military operation in Ukraine and before the acceptance of the Moroccan autonomy plan, everything indicated that Spain could play a key role in meeting the EU new energy security needs through its privileged relationship with Algeria. Having temporarily normalized its relations with Morocco, Spain missed the opportunity to become a European gas hub, ceding this role to Italy. Currently, the very structure of the Spanish energy sector is changing, and the country is going to close all operating nuclear power plants. Madrid is betting on diversifying energy supplies, the Algerian gas is being replaced by the American LNG. Russian gas supplies to Spain, previously not so significant, continue to decrease. The country is set to make a serious contribution to the energy transition since it has numerous renewable energy sources, technologies, production capacities and developed infrastructure. Events in Ukraine have accelerated the already existing energy crisis. As energy prices increased, Spain put forward the initiative for the European Union to approve emergency measures to deal with it. The solution, according to Madrid, is the acceleration of the energy transition. Brussels has actually allowed Spain to set top prices for gas that is used to generate electricity, thus lowering the bills for customers. Within the EU framework Madrid has achieved recognition of the special energy status of the Iberian Peninsula, and together with France and Portugal intends to build a new gas pipeline that will supply Europe with green hydrogen and, in the transition period, with natural gas. In general, Spain, although not without difficulties, is rather successfully coping with the current energy crisis.
Keywords: Spain, P. Sanchez, Morocco, Algeria, Western Sahara, European Union, energy security, energy crisis, gas
REFERENCES
1. Cherkasova E. Spain and Conflict over Western Sahara. World Economy and International Relations, 2012, no. 7, pp. 33-40. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2012-7-33-40
2. Cherkasova E. Gibraltar, Ceuta and Melilla: Spanish Territorial Problems. World Economy and International Relations, 2017, vol. 61, no. 9, pp. 89-99. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2017-61-9-89-99
3. Alsina Ñ. Sobre la crisis en Ceuta y el papel de Pedrî Sánchez. Onda Cera, 19.052021. Available at: https://ondacero.es/programas/mas-de-uno/audios-podcast/monologo-de-alsina/alsina-ceuta-pedro-sanchez_2021051960a4b615acba010001d8f5bf.html (accessed 20.09.2022).
4. Mustafin R. War between Algeria and Morocco Comes to a Head. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 19.01.2022. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.ng.ru/world/2022-01-19/6_8349_algeria.html (accessed 30.03.2023).
5. Llardén A. Hablando de seguridad energética, datos versus catastrofismo. El diario, 08.11.2021. Available at: https://www.eldiario.es/opinion/tribuna-abierta/hablando-seguridad-energetica-datos-versus-catastrofismo_129_8470607.html (accessed 30.04.2023).
6. Sicilia A. La crisis del gas con Argelia presagia un invierno complicado en España. Público, 27.10.2021. Available at: https://www.publico.es/actualidad/crisis-gas-argelia-presagia-invierno-complicado-espana.html (accessed 25.04.2023).
7. Barrero F.À. España importa más petróleo de Rusia, Kazajistán y Azerbaián que de todo el Golfo Pérsico. Panorama, 07.03.2022. Available at: https://www.energias-renovables.com/panorama/espana-importa-mas-petroleo-de-rusia-kazajistan-20220307 (accessed 30.04.2023).
8. Esteller R. Rusia duplicó el precio de gas a España en diciembre mientras Argelia recortaba sus envios. El Economista, 01.03.2022. Available at: https://www.eleconomista.es/energia/noticias/11643713/03/22/Rusia-duplico-el-precio-de-gas-a-Espana-en-diciembre-mientras-Argelia-recortaba-sus-envios.html (accessed 15.03.2023).
9. Barinova A. Wind Has Become the Main Source of its Electrical Energy in Spain. Russpain.com, 21.12.2021. (In Russ.) Available at: https://russpain.com/news/priroda/veter-stal-osnovnym-istochnikom-svoej-elektroenergii-v-ispanii/ (accessed 15.04.2023).
10. Fresneda D. España y Portugal consiguen que la UE reconozca la “excepciόn ibérica” para frenar los precios de la energía. Noticias, 25.03.2022. Available at: https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20220325/cumbre-europea-energia/2323141.shtml (accessed 15.07.2022).
SOURCES
1. España estrecha lazos con Marruecos y se compromete a garantizar su seguridad energética. Europa Press, 02.02.2022. Available at: https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/4950839/0/espana-estrecha-lazos-con-marruecos-y-se-compromete-a-garantizar-su-seguridad-energetica/ (accessed 17.04.2023).
2. La carta de Pedro Sánchez a Mohamed VI: Debemos construir nueva relación que evite futuras crisis. El País, 23.03.2022. Available at: https://elpais.com/espana/2022-03-23/la-carta-de-pedro-sanchez-a-mohamed-vi-debemos-construir-una-nueva-relacion-que-evite-futuras-crisis.html (accessed 15.04.2023).
3. Interview. Gonzalo Escribano, experto de Elcano: “Es inasumible que España siga siendo una isla energética en la UE” Fernando Heller. EUROEFE EURACTIV, 14.01.2022. Available at: https://elpais.com/espana/2022-03-23/la-carta-de-pedro-sanchez-a-mohamed-vi-debemos-construir-una-nueva-relacion-que-evite-futuras-crisis.html (accessed 30.04.2023).
4. ¿Dónde compra el gas España? Analizando la crisis energética. Activos, 29.06.2022. Available at: https://www.epe.es/es/economia/20220310/importa-gas-espana-13354317 (accessed 18.04.2023).
5. España compra ya más gas natural a EEUU que a Argelia y sólo el 5% procede de Rusia. El Independiente, 11.03.2022. Available at: https://www.elindependiente.com/economia/2022/03/11/espana-compra-ya-mas-gas-natural-a-eeuu-que-a-argelia-y-solo-el-5-procede-de-rusia/ (accessed 15.04.2023).
6. Spain Approves €16.3 Billion Plan to Develop Renewables, Green Hydrogen and Energy Storage. Enerdata, 16.12.2021. (In Russ.) Available at: https://russia.enerdata.net/publications/energy-news/spain-green-hydrogen-storage-renewable-plan.html (accessed 18.04.2023).
No comments