39Received 25.04.2023. Revised 18.06.2023. Accepted 29.06.2023.
Acknowledgements. The research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant no. 22-78-10118, https://rscf.ru/project/22-78-10118/).
Abstract. This article examines civilizational features of development of Orient countries (with an emphasis on China, Japan and the Korean Peninsula as well as India) that, in the new millennium, are system-forming players in the global political and economic arena striving to achieve leading positions in unofficial ratings of global influence. Having successfully passed the stage of Westernization of social and economic structure and at the same time preserving their own identity, Orient countries have entered the era of expanding globalization as its main beneficiaries. In cultural and historical terms, China, Japan and the Republic of Korea represent a rather unusual combination of Western market-pragmatic and Oriental Confucian-Buddhist models (with elements of national religious and ethical schools in Japan and the Republic of Korea), which determines their high ability to hybridize foreign and their own specific experience of progressive development. The same can be noted about India that is often referred to as a huge Asian democracy, successfully combining Western experience with its original traditions, culture and mentality. However, today even in Japan, historically considered the most Western-centered country in Asia, the attitude towards European and American values based on emphasized individualism, the desire to quickly achieve results without regard to the interests of the partner and the use of not always ethically correct methods of competition, is changing. It is not rejected per se, but mostly manifests in a form of doubt about their universal applicability to the Japanese reality – largely expressed among young people. For the mentality of Orient countries, the “long game” is extremely important, so as the promotion of a development model, according to which the coordinating role of the state as a common mediator, an undoubted authority for an ordinary citizen, major official, and the head of a large corporation, is great in conducting domestic and foreign policy. Nevertheless, interaction with Western ideas and approaches continues, which is why it is premature to say that Orient countries are no longer a subject to any external civilizational influence. The assimilation of Western experience is still relevant, only the forms and perception of this process inevitably change.
Keywords: West and Orient, civilizational features, development experience, politics and economics, social structure, the role of the state and the individual
REFERENCES
1. Kroeber A.L. Style and civilization. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1957. 182 p.
2. Nureev R.M. Comparison of Economic Systems in the Space: Civilizational Approach to Analysis. Terra Economicus, 2010, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 138-153. (In Russ.)
3. Yamazaki M. Asia, a Civilization in the Making. Foreign Affairs, 1996, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 106-118. Available at: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/asia/1996-07-01/asia-civilization-making (accessed 24.02.2023).
4. Filipenko A.S. Civilizational Aspects of Economic Development. Teoreticheskaya Ekonomika, 2013, no. 5 (17), pp. 38-47. (In Russ.)
5. Lee Yong Wook. Performing Civilizational Narratives in East Asia: Asian Values, Multiple Modernities, and the Politics of Economic Development. Review of International Studies, 2020, vol. 46, iss. 4, pp. 456-476. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210520000212
6. Mesheryakov A.N. Reforms of the Meiji Period: Human Dimension. Ezhegodnik “Japonia”, 2018, vol. 47, pp. 350-367. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.24411/0235-8182-2018-10017
7. Chugrov S.V. Different Interpretation of the WWII Results in Modern Japan. Polis. Politicheskie Issledovaniya, 2020, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 22-45. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2020.05.03
8. Pakhomov O. East Asian Civilization and the Problem of Region Making. Millennial Asia. An International Journal of Asian Studies, 2021, vol. 12 (1), pp. 57-75. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0976399620940467
9. Tonby O., Woetzel J., et al. Asia’s Future is Now. McKinsey Global Institute. July 2019. 20 p. Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/featured%20insights/asia%20pacific/asias%20future%20is%20now/asias-future-is-now-final.pdf (accessed 24.02.2023).
10. Malashenko A.V., Nisnevich Yu.A., Ryabov A.V. Becoming of Postindustrial Planetary Civilization. Voprosy Teoreticheskoy Ekonomiki, 2020, no. 2, pp. 86-98. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.24411/2587-7666-2020-10205
11. Huang F. The World is Moving East, Fast. Allianz Research, 18.01.2021. 19 p. Available at: https://www.allianz.com/content/dam/onemarketing/azcom/Allianz_com/economic-research/publications/specials/en/2021/january/2021_01_18_AsiaPostCovid19.pdf (accessed 20.02.2023).
12. Lee G. East Asian Soft Power and East Asian Governance. Journal of International and Area Studies, 2009, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 53-66. Available at: https://s-space.snu.ac.kr/bitstream/10371/96475/1/4.East-Asian-Soft-Power-and-East-Asian-Governance-Geun-Lee.pdf (accessed 25.06.2023).
13. Leontieva E.O., Belokopytova M.S. Confucius Institute as an Instrument of China’s Foreign Policy. Regionalistika, 2016, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 51-59. (In Russ.) Available at: http://regionalistica.org/images/2016-05.pdf (accessed 20.02.2023).
14. Pae H.K. Script Effects as the Hidden Drive of the Mind, Cognition, and Culture. Cham, Switzerland, Springer, 2020. 267 p. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55152-0 (accessed 20.02.2023).
15. Aronson B. Corporate Governance Models and Practices in Japan and East Asia: Proceedings of a Panel Discussion. Columbia Journal of Asian Law, 2013, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 220-254. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2395059 (accessed 16.02.2023).
16. Buluswar S., Friedman Z., Mehta P., Mitra S., Sathre R. 50 Breakthroughs. Critical Scientific and Technological Advances Needed for Sustainable Global Development. Institute for Globally Transformative Technologies. Berkeley, 2019. 1021 ð. Available at: https://downloads.ctfassets.net/f7hp8esjm2is/3ODuE7IMah8xzYhhgOqRgf/eeca63c0fc5bb9a291f5a763e7ad50e0/50BT_Full_report.pdf (accessed 16.02.2023).
17. Cheng Kai-ming. Advancing 21st Century Competencies in East Asian Education Systems. Asia Society. Centre for Global Education. February 2017. 26 p. Available at: https://asiasociety.org/files/21st-century-competencies-east-asian-education-systems.pdf (accessed 16.02.2023).
SOURCES
1. Asia’s economic transformation: Where to, how, and how fast? Key indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2013 special chapter. Mandaluyong City, Philippines, Asian Development Bank, 2013. 106 p. Available at: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/30358/ki2013-special-chapter.pdf (accessed 16.02.2023).
2. Global Aggregating Rating of Educational Institution, 2023. Aggregating agent of High Education’s Independent Estimation, 2023. (In Russ.) Available at: https://best-edu.ru/ratings/global/globalnyj-agregirovannyj-rejting (accessed 16.02.2023).
No comments