397Abstract. The article deals with the functioning of ethnic parties and the phenomenon of ethnic voting in contemporary political systems. Functions and possible typologies of ethnic movements and parties are analyzed in the constructivist framework. Special attention is paid to the conditions of an ethnic party creation and the overlapping of its discourse with the regionalist party family. Ethnic parties are defined as parties that consequently advocate interests of a particular ethnic group; ethnic voting is a type of electoral behavior that presupposes that votes are distributed according to the ethnic identification of voters. A party status is required for an ethnic group to legally advocate its interests in the national legislature. A voter’s ethnic motivation may be manifested in the voting for an ethnic party, for a candidate that represents a particular ethnic group, for a non-ethnic party that claims its loyalty to a particular ethnic group, and also against parties and candidates that are considered undesirable for this ethnic group. “Ethnic” votes may be distributed amongst several parties or candidates and also accumulated by a single ruling ethnic parties’ coalition. Different kinds of ethnic vote and its possible impact on the political system are analyzed, as well as possible variants of the ethnically motivated electoral behavior. The most relevant for ethnic voting are the following factors: presence of an ethnic party, fragmentation of the “ethnic” party field, localization of ethnic groups, salience of mobilized ethnicity in the entire political system, political opportunities for ethnic parties or candidates, as well as ideological stance of the non-ethnic parties that become an object of ethnic vote.
Keywords: ethnicity, ethnicization, ethnopolitical mobilization, ethnic party, regionalist party, electoral behavior, ethnic voting
REFERENCES
1. Drobizheva L.M. Etnicheskaya identichnost’ [Ethnic Identity]. Identichnost’: lichnost’, obshchestvo, politika [Identity: The Individual, Society, Politics]. Semenenko I.S., ed. Moscow, Ves’ Mir, 2017, pp. 417-422.
2. Tevdoi-Burmuli A.I. Etnopoliticheskaya dinamika Evropeiskogo soyuza [Ethnopolitical Dynamics of the European Union]. Moscow, Aspekt Press, 2018. 224 p.
3. Hroch M. Ot natsional’nykh dvizhenii k polnost’yu sformirovavsheisya natsii: protsess stroitel’stva natsii v Evrope [From National Movements to the Entirely Formed Nation: Process of Nation-Building in Europe]. Natsii i natsionalizm [Nations and Nationalism]. Moscow, Praksis, 2002, pp. 121-145.
4. Turaev V.A. Etnopolitologiya [Ethnopolitical Studies]. Moscow, Logos, 2004. 387 p.
5. Handelman D. The Organization of Ethnicity. Ethnic Groups, 1977, vol. 1, pp. 187-200.
6. Gurr T.R. Pochemu men’shinstva vosstayut? Ob”yasnenie etnopoliticheskogo protesta i myatezha [Why Minorities Rebel? Explanation of Ethnopolitical Protest and Rebellion]. Etnos i politika [Ethnos and Politics]. Prazauskas A.A., ed. Moscow, Izdatel’stvo URAO, 2000, pp. 244-256.
7. Farukshin M.Kh. Problema etnicheskogo golosovaniya v zarubezhnom diskurse [The Issue of Ethnic Voting in Foreign Discourse]. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya, 2016, no. 5, pp. 80-86.
8. Knutsen O. Teoriya perekrestnogo davleniya: o peresekayushchikhsya liniyakh konfliktov i uchastii v organizatsiyakh [Theory of Crossed-Line Pressure: în Crossed Lines of Conflicts and Participation in Organizations]. Teoriya i metody v sovremennoi politicheskoi nauke [Theory and Methods in Contemporary Political Science]. Larsen S.U., ed. Moscow, ROSSPEN, 2009, pp. 443-468.
9. Fagersholm A. Ethnic and Regionalist Parties in Western Europe: A Party Family? Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, 2016, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 322-323. DOI:10.1111/sena.12191
10. Shveitser V.Ya. Regional’nye partii vykhodyat na avanstsenu [Regional Parties Go to the Foreground]. Contemporary Europe, 2006, no. 4, pp. 84-93.
11. Campbell A., Convers Ph., Miller W., Stokes D. The American Voter. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1960. 576 p.
12. Poroshin A.V. Politicheskie mekhanizmy upravleniya etnicheskoi geterogennost’yu v Malaizii [Political Mechanisms of Ethnic Heterogeneity Management in Malaysia]. Metamorfozy razdelennykh obshchestv [Metamorphoses of Divided Societies]. Kudryashova I.V., Kharitonova O. G., eds. Moscow, MGIMO-University, 2020, pp. 188-203.
13. Batonyi G. The Hungarian Community in Slovakia. The Ethnopolitical Encyclopaedia of Europe. Cordell Ê., Wolff S., eds. New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, pp. 333-340.
14. Engstrom J. The Albanian Community in Macedonia. The Ethnopolitical Encyclopaedia of Europe. Cordell K., Wolff S., eds. New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, pp. 444-446.
15. Okunev I.Yu., Zhirnova L.S. Etnicheskii raskol v elektoral’nom povedenii Latvii [Ethnic Cleavage in the Electoral Behavior in Latvia]. Obozrevatel’ – Observer, 2019, no. 11, pp. 78-90.
16. Marcos-Marne H. Minorities to the Left: Ethno-Linguistic Identification and Vote in Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 2017, vol. 43, no. 15, pp. 2634-2651. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2016.1274648
17. Malakhov V.S. Allokhtony i avtokhtony: migranty kak sub’ekt sotsial’nogo (vzaimo)deistviya [Allochthons and Autochthons: Migrants as a Subject of Social (Inter)action]. Polis. Political Studies, 2015, no. 1, pp. 111-125. DOI:10.17976/jpps/2015.01.09
Registered in System SCIENCE INDEX
No comments