
Abstract. The second generation agreements became an important step in strengthening the external vector of European integration policy, in extending the European integration experience to relations with third countries, in strengthening the EU’s position in the world market and increasing its role in shaping the global governance system. The EU has already established or is in the process of establishing close integration ties with key players in the Asia-Pacific region. A similar picture is taking shape in the Western Hemisphere. Attempts are continued to reach mutual understanding with the United States. There is no doubt that they will ultimately succeed: deepening integration ties between the leaders of the developed world meets the needs of transnational business and is dictated by the need to use the integration factor to strengthen competitiveness in the face of the growing power of Asian states. The contents and goals of the second generation agreements are fully consistent with those of the mega-regional trade agreements (MRTA). The EU agreements are distinguished from other MRTAs by increased attention to ensuring human rights and achieving sustainable development goals. Bilateral agreements make it easier to protect European values compared to the multilateral format. The EU activities to conclude new MRTAs have an impact on the position of companies from other countries through various channels. This impact is not limited to the trade diversion effect and is not always negative. Unification of requirements opens up new opportunities for third countries. Ultimately, the convergence of regulatory norms, eliminating the obstacles to the movement of goods, services and investments reduces costs and thus has a beneficial overall effect on global economic growth. The EU participation in international integration provides a wealth of material for gaining experience that can be used by Russia and Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). In part, this experience is already being applied in preparing the EAEU trade agreements with third countries. The participation of Russia and the EAEU in mega-regional projects seems desirable, but it is necessary to carefully consider the choice of participants, the format and content of the agreements. The prospect of establishing integration relations between the two unions will be realized in a more distant future.
Keywords: European Union, mega-regional trade agreements, second generation trade agreements, free trade area, non-tariff barriers, standardization, unification, harmonization of regulation, Russia, Eurasian Economic Union
REFERENCES
1. Implementation of Free Trade Agreements 1 January 2018–31 December 2018. European Union, 2019. 52 p. Available at: https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2019/october/tradoc_158387.pdf (accessed 22.02.2020). DOI:10.2781/93173
2. Trade Policy Review – European Union. WT/TPR/S/395. Geneva, WTO, December 10, 2019. 308 p. Available at: https://docsonline.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S006.aspx?Query=((@Symbol=%20wt/tpr/s/*)%20and%20(%20@Title=%20european%20union%20))&Language=ENGLISH&Context=FomerScriptedSearch&languageUIChanged=true (accessed 22.02.2020).
3. Overview of FTA and Other Trade Negotiations. Updated November 2019. Available at: https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2006/december/tradoc_118238.pdf (accessed 22.02.2020).
4. Global Europe: Competing in the World. Brussels, Commission of the European Communities, 04.10.2006. 18 p. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2006:0567:FIN:en:PDF (accessed 22.02.2020).
5. Poluektov A.B. Regional’nye torgovye soglasheniya Evropeiskogo Souyza: tendencii i perspektivy [European Union regional trade agreements: trends and prospects]. Torgovaya politika, 2015, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 88-105. Available at: https://tpjournal.hse.ru/article/view/8152 (accessed 22.02.2020).
6. Fedorovsky A.N. Prioritety uchastiya Respubliki Koreya v integratsionnykh proektakh [Priorities for the Republic of Korea to participate in integration projects]. Kontury global’nykh transformatsii, 2017, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 144-157. Available at: https://www.ogt-journal.com/jour/article/view/46 (accessed 22.02.2020). DOI:10.23932/2542-0240-2017-10-4-144-157
7. Trade for All. Brussels, European Commission, 2015. 40 p. Available at: http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2015/october/tradoc_153846.pdf (accessed 22.02.2020). DOI:10.2781/472505; 10.2781/1753
8. Bongardt A., Torres F. What Should Be the EU’s Approach to Global Trade? Intereconomics, 2018, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 245-249. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10272-018-0759-y (accessed 22.02.2020). DOI:10.1007/s10272-018-0759-y
9. Sidorenko T.V. Evropeiskii soyuz – Meksika: zaklyuchenie torgovogo dogovora “novogo pokoleniya” [European Union – Mexico: concluding a “new generation” trade treaty]. Mir novoi ekonomiki, 2019, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 72-78. Available at: https://wne.fa.ru/jour/issue/view/19/showToc (accessed 22.02.2020). DOI:10.26794/2220-6469-2019-13-4-72-78
10. Baltensperger M., Dadush U. The European Union – Mercosur Free Trade Agreement: Prospects and Risks. The Bruegel Policy Contribution, iss. 11, September 2019. Available at: https://www.bruegel.org/2019/09/the-european-union-mercosur-free-trade-agreement-prospects-and-risks/ (accessed 22.02.2020).
11. Witkowska J. Implications of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) for Investment Flows between the European Union and the USA. Comparative Economic Research, 2017, vol. 20, no. 3. Available at: https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/cer/20/3/article-p25.xml (accessed 22.02.2020). DOI:10.1515/cer‑2017-0018
12. Reducing Transatlantic Barriers to Trade and Investment: an Economic Assessment. London, Centre for Economic Policy Research, 12 March 2013. 116 p. Available at: https://voxeu.org/content/reducing-transatlantic-barriers-trade-and-investment-economic-assessment (accessed 22.02.2020).
13. Capaldo J. The Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership: European Disintegration, Unemployment and Instability. Global Development and Environment Institute. Working Paper no. 14–03, October 2014. 29 p. Available at: https://sites.tufts.edu/gdae/files/2019/10/14-03CapaldoTTIP.pdf (accessed 22.02.2020).
14. Studnicka Z., Thierie W., Van Hove J. The Impact of Regional Trade Agreements on European Exports. International Economics and Economic Policy, 2019, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 467-488. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10368-019-00436-3 (accessed 22.02.2020). DOI:10.1007/s10368-019-00436-3
15. Cipollina M., Debucquet D.L., Salvatici L. The Tide that Does not Raise All Boats: an Assessment of EU Preferential Trade Policies. Review of World Economics, 2017, vol. 153, no. 1, pp. 199-231. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10290-016-0270-0 (accessed 22.02.2020). DOI:10.1007/s10290-016-0270-0
16. The European Union and the Russian Federation. EEAS, 30 May, 2019. Available at: https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/35939/node/35939_en (accessed 22.02.2020).
17. Shavshukov V.M., Romanyuk D.A. Transatlanticheskoe torgovoe i investitsionnoe partnerstvo: spasenie Evropy ili vtoraya Atlantida? [Transatlantic trade and investment partnership: saving Europe or the second Atlantis?]. Ekonomicheskie nauki, 2015, no. 1 (122), pp. 107-126. Available at: https://ecsn.ru/articles/index/201501 (accessed 22.02.2020).
18. Afontsev S. Rossiya sredi “chuzhikh” partnerstv [Russia among “foreign” partnerships]. Rossiya v global’noi politike, 2016, no. 6. Available at: https://globalaffairs.ru/articles/rossiya-sredi-chuzhih-partnerstv/ (accessed 22.02.2020).
19. Vinokurov E. Introduction to the Eurasian Economic Union. London, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. 211 p. Available at: https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9783319928241 (accessed 22.02.2020). DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-92825-8
20. Kondrat’eva N.B. Predposylki dialoga ES i EAES [Background to the dialogue between the EU and the EAEU]. Nauchno-analiticheskii vestnik Instituta Evropy RAN, 2018, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 81-85. Available at: http://vestnikieran.instituteofeurope.ru/ru/arkhiv-zhurnala/nauchno-analiticheskij-vestnik-instituta-evropy-ran-3-2018 (accessed 22.02.2020). DOI:10.15211/vestnikieran320188185
21. Isachenko T.M., Medvedkova I.A. Rossiya–ES: torgovoe regulirovanie kak osnova perspektiv dvustoronnego sotrudnichestva [Russia–EU: trade regulation as the basis for the prospects of bilateral cooperation]. Sovremennaya Evropa, 2019, no. 3, pp. 92-103. Available at: http://www.sov-europe.ru/2019-3.htm (accessed 22.02.2020). DOI:10.15211/soveurope3201992103
22. The European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union: long-term dialogue and prospects for an agreement. St. Petersburg, EDB Center for Strategic Studies, 2016. 40 p. (In Russ.) Available at: https://eabr.org/analytics/integration-research/cii-reports/evropeyskiy-soyuz-i-evraziyskiy-ekonomicheskiy-soyuz-/ (accessed 22.02.2020).
23. Lisovolik Y. Evraziiskii ekonomicheskii soyuz i ASEAN: otsenka vzaimodopolnyaemosti [Eurasian Economic Union and ASEAN: assessment of complementarity]. Mezhdunarodnye protsessy, 2017, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 46-54. Available at: http://intertrends.ru/archive/asean-i-velikie-derzhavy-k-yubileyu-assotsiatsii (accessed 22.02.2020). DOI:10.17994/IT.2017.15.3.50.4
24. Kheifets B. Novye ekonomicheskie megapartnerstva i global’naya ekonomika [New economic megapartnerships and the global economy]. International Affairs, 2016, no. 3. Available at: https://interaffairs.ru/jauthor/material/1456 (accessed 22.02.2020).
25. Spartak A. N. Transatlanticheskoe torgovoe i investitsionnoe partnerstvo: vozmozhnye effekty dlya Rossii i EAES [Transatlantic trade and investment partnership: possible effects for Russia and the EAEU]. Rossiiskii vneshneekonomicheskii vestnik, 2016, no. 6, pp. 3-17. Available at: http://www.rfej.ru/rvv/id/E003FDA93 (accessed 22.02.2020).
26. Vinogradov A.V. Rossiya v Evrazii: mezhdu Kitaem i Zapadom [Russia in Eurasia: between China and the West]. Kontury global’nykh transformatsii, 2019, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 228-246. Available at: https://www.ogt-journal.com/jour/article/view/448 (accessed 22.02.2020). DOI:10.23932/2542-0240-2019-12-2-228-246
Registered in System SCIENCE INDEX
No comments