769Abstract. The article discusses background and current situation about the Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline (TCGP). In 2018 Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Iran signed the Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea, which was the completion of more than twenty years of difficult negotiations about division of water area and sea floor of the Caspian. In connection with this event, the author wonders how new international agreements will influence states cooperation in further construction of the TCGP. The pipeline should connect gas fields of Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan for further gas supply to Europe. Each Caspian country has own opinion on the TCGP. Russia and Iran are favor compliance with all environmental standards. Cause concern seismic hazard of the Region. Turkmenistan is interested in diversifying gas export destinations. Ashgabat is necessary to expand the scope of gas production activities, because Turkmenistan dependents on gas supplies to China. Azerbaijan does not interest in the project, as it already has established contacts with the EU. Gas will go from Azerbaijan to Europe through the Southern Gas Corridor in 2020. Entry of the new country in supply chain will mean entry of the new competitor for the European market. The EU builds its own energy security policy, which eliminates monopolization of gas supplies, in particular from Russia. This is the reason why the EU needs to establish relations with countries of the Central Asia and the South Caucasus. The EU offers to attract investments to build TCGP. A similar point of view is shared by the United States, whose geopolitical strategy is based on the export of hydrocarbons.
Keywords: Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea, gas pipeline, ecology, cooperation, Caspian Sea, Caspian region
REFERENCES
1. Medvedev A. Transafganskii gazoprovod v sisteme eksportnykh truboprovodnykh proektov Turkmenistana i perspektivy ikh realizatsii [Trans-Afghan Gas Pipeline in the System of Turkmenistan’s Export Pipeline Projects and the Prospects for their Implementation]. Pathways to Peace and Security, 2014, no. 2(47), pp. 107-118.
2. Fedorovskaya I. Yuzhnyi gazovyi koridor i Azerbaidzhan [Southern Gas Corridor and Azerbaijan]. Russia and New States of Eurasia, 2015, no. 3, pp. 100-106.
3. Pashkovskaya I. Gazoprovod “Nabukko”: proekt sozdaniya [Gas Pipeline “Nabucco”: Project of Construction]. Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 2010, no. 4, pp. 71-80.
4. Ionova E. Transkaspiiskii gazoprovod kak faktor nestabil’nosti v kaspiiskom regione [Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline as a Factor of Instability in the Caspian Region]. Russia and New States of Eurasia, 2012, no. 2, pp. 78-83.
5. Sokolova P. Politika i energetika: perspektivy “Turetskogo potoka” i “Yuzhnogo gazovogo koridora” [Politics and Energy: “Turkish Stream” and “Southern Gas Corridor” Prospects]. Mirovoe razvitie. Vyp. 15. Materialy Vserossiiskoi nauchnoi konferentsii molodykh spetsialistov “Energeticheskie rynki v period global’nykh peremen” [Energy Markets during the Times of Change]. Moscow, IMEMO, 2015. pp. 9-26.
6. Ionova E. Turkmeniya: poisk novykh gazoeksportnykh marshrutov [Turkmenistan: The Search for New Gas Export Routes]. Russia and New States of Eurasia, 2018, no. 3, pp. 83-96. DOI:10.20542/2073-4786-2018-3-83-96
7. Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea (In Russ.) Available at: http://kremlin.ru/supplement/5328 (accessed 14.03.2019).
8. Zhukova G. Pravovoi status Kaspiya [The Legal Status of the Caspian] Available at: https://www.imemo.ru/index.php?page_id=502&id=4315 (accessed 24.05.2019).
9. Shustov A. Naskol’ko real’ny shansy u Transkaspiiskogo gazoprovoda? [What are the Chances of the Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline?] Available at: https://www.ritmeurasia.org/news-2019-02-13-naskolko-realny-shansy-u-transkaspijskogo-gazoprovoda-41045 (accessed 13.03.2019).
10. Kazakhstan Hopes to Ratify the Convention on the Status of the Caspian Sea by the End of the Year (In Russ.) Available at: http://1news.az/news/kazahstan-nadeetsya-na-ratifikaciyu-konvencii-o-statuse-kaspiya-do-konca-goda (accessed 24.05.2019).
11. Communique is Adopted by the 1st Meeting of the Working Group on the Caspian Sea Issues (In Russ.) Available at: https://moscow-baku.ru/news/novosti_azerbaydzhana/v_baku_proshlo_pervoe_zasedanie_rabochey_gruppy_po_voprosam_kaspiya (accessed 14.03.2019).
12. Nadzhafov D. V Irane sravnili razdel Kaspiya s razdelom Azerbaidzhana [The Division of the Caspian Sea was Compared with the Division of Azerbaijan in Iran] Available at: https://haqqin.az/news/134808 (accessed 14.03.2019).
13. Chernenko E. “Eto ne rezul’tat vykruchivaniya ruk” [“This is not a Result of Arm Twisting”] Kommersant, 2018, no. 167, p. 5.
14. Protocol on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context to the Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea (In Russ.) Available at: http://www.tehranconvention.org/IMG/pdf/PROTOCOL_ON_ENVIRONMENTAL_IMPACT_ASSESSMENT_IN_A_TRANSBOUNDARY_CONTEXT_RU-2.pdf (accessed 14.03.2019).
15. RusEnergy analyst: “Southern Gas Corridor” Bears Risks for Russia (In Russ.) Available at: https://ria.ru/20140922/1025102500.html (accessed 15.03.2019).
16. Podobedova L., Basisini A. Kuda vedet gazoprovod iz Baku? [Where does the Gas Pipeline from Baku Lead?] Available at: https://www.rbc.ru/newspaper/2018/05/30/5b0d2a389a79472bcb56ab94 (accessed 16.03.2019).
17. Israfilbekova S. Rossiya rassmatrivaet vozmozhnost’ postavok gaza cherez azerbaidzhanskii truboprovod (Eksklyuziv) [Russia is Considering the Possibility of Gas Supplies through the Azerbaijan Pipeline (Exclusive)] Available at: https://www.trend.az/business/energy/3025473.html (accessed 15.03.2019).
18. Belozerov O. Rossiiskii ekspert: Azerbaidzhan i Turkmenistan imeyut polnoe pravo stroit’ Transkaspiiskii gazoprovod [Russian Expert: Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan have the Full Right to Build the Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline] Available at: https://moscow-baku.ru/opinions/aktualno/rossiyskiy_ekspert_azerbaydzhan_i_turkmenistan_imeyut_polnoe_pravo_stroit_transkaspiyskiy_gazoprovod/ (accessed 15.03.2019).
19. Baliev A. Transkaspiiskii gazoprovod kak produkt politicheskoi kon”yunktury dlya Turkmenistana (I) [Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline as a Product of Political Conjuncture for Turkmenistan (I)] Available at: https://www.ritmeurasia.org/news-2018-03-05-transkaspijskij-gazoprovod-kak-produkt-politicheskoj-konjunktury-dlja-turkmenistana-i-35252 (accessed 17.03.2019).
20. Bashkatova A. Pomidory v obmen na “Turetskii potok” [Tomatoes in Exchange for “Turkish Stream”] Available at: http://www.ng.ru/economics/2017-10-23/1_7100_turkey.html (accessed 17.03.2019).
21. Strigunov K. Kto stoit za indo-pakistanskoi voinoi [Who is Behind the Indo-Pakistani War]. Expert, 2019, no. 11(1111), pp. 54-56.
22. Izimov R. “UTAPIcheskie” perspektivy Turkmenistana [“UTAPIcal” Prospects of Turkmenistan] Available at: https://cabar.asia/ru/ruslan-izimov-utapicheskie-perspektivyturkmenistana/ (accessed 17.03.2019).
23. Baliev A. Transkaspiiskii gazoprovod kak produkt politicheskoi kon”yunktury dlya Turkmenistana (II) [Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline as a Product of Political Conjuncture for Turkmenistan (II)] Available at: https://www.ritmeurasia.org/news-2018-03-07-transkaspijskij-gazoprovod-kak-produkt-politicheskoj-konjunktury-dlja-turkmenistana-ii-35298 (accessed 17.03.2019).
24. Media: Turkmenistan Resumed Gas Supplies to Russia (In Russ.) Available at: https://tass.ru/ekonomika/6336852 (accessed 28.05.2019).
25. Gente R. Prichiny dlya bespokoistva po povodu postavok turkmenskogo gaza v Kitai [Some Reasons to Worry About Gas Exports to China] Available at: https://www.hronikatm.com/2018/12/prichinyi-dlya-bespokoystva-po-povodu-postavok-turkmenskogo-gaza-v-kitay/ (accessed 18.03.2019).
26. Samofalova O. Evropa dozhdalas’ al’ternativy rossiiskomu gazu. [Europe has Waited for Alternatives to Russian Gas] Available at: https://vz.ru/economy/2018/5/29/925079.html (accessed 18.03.2019).
27. Guseinov A. Rossii vygodny bogatye sosedi: eksperty iz Baku o konkurentsii gazoprovodov [Russia Benefits from Rich Neighbors: Experts from Baku Talk about Gas Pipeline Competition] Available at: https://eadaily.com/ru/news/2019/02/23/rossii-vygodny-bogatye-sosedieksperty-iz-baku-o-konkurencii-gazoprovodov (accessed 18.03.2019).
28. Toporkov A. Evropa dast “Gazpromu” shans [Europe Will Give Chance to Gazprom] Available at: https://www.vedomosti.ru/business/articles/2019/01/13/791281-evropa (accessed 19.03.2019).
29. Statistical Review of World Energy. London, BP, 2018. 56 p.
30. Shustov A. Na poroge proryva. Kaspii razdelyat v 2018 godu [On the Verge of a Breakthrough. The Caspian will be Divided in 2018] Available at: http://eurasia.expert/na-porogeproryva-kaspiy-razdelyat-v-2018-godu (accessed 19.03.2019).
31. Prohvatilov V. Po “krivoi Bremmera” SShA uvlekayut Turkmeniyu k nestabil’nosti i raspadu [USA Drag Turkmenistan to Instability and Disintegration by the “Bremmer Curve”] Available at: https://www.ritmeurasia.org/news-2018-08-02-po-krivojbremmera-ssha-uvlekajut-turkmeniu-k-nestabilnosti-i-raspadu-37808 (accessed 21.03.2019).
32. Chichikin A. “Prikaspiiskii gazoprovod” kak chast’ otveta na obstruktsiyu “SP-2” [“Pre-Caspian Gas Pipeline” as Part of the Response to the Obstruction “SP-2”] Available at: https://www.ritmeurasia.org/news-2018-03-29-prikaspijskij-gazoprovod-kak-chast-otveta-naobstrukciju-sp-2-35651 (accessed 22.03.2019).
Registered in System SCIENCE INDEX
No comments