351N. Yakovleva (nel-yakovleva@yandex.ru),
Institute of Latin American Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 21/16, B. Ordynka Str., Moscow, 115035, Russian Federation.
P. Yakovlev (petrp.yakovlev@yandex.ru),
Institute of Latin American Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 21/16, B. Ordynka Str., Moscow, 115035, Russian Federation;
Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36, Stremyannyi Per., Moscow, 115054, Russian Federation
Abstract. In 2019, 45 years of the “Carnation Revolution” (the Revolution in the Portuguese Republic on April 25, 1974) – an outstanding historical event of national and cross-border scale – are celebrated. The Portuguese Revolution resulted from both the internal development of the Portuguese Republic and a chain of important historical events on a global level. The end of the World War II, the collapse of fascism, struggle for elimination of the colonial system led mankind to understanding the need for social and political modernization. A fresh wind of change in the early 1970s also touched Portugal. The past decades have shown that the April Revolution was part of a global process of authoritarian and totalitarian regimes collapse in all regions of the world, known as the “third wave of democratization”. The value of Portuguese events went beyond one country. They were the impetus for the development of democratic processes in other regions, particularly in Europe and South America. The “Carnation Revolution” launched the process of decolonization that has created on the site of the Portuguese colonies a number of independent states. During the relatively small period (by historical standards), Portugal has made significant progress in economic and social spheres, has established a stable political system capable of responding to external and internal challenges. Because of the democratic transformation, a decrepit colonial empire with a closed authoritarian regime was transformed into a country open to the world, with a European-style political system which respects the rule of law, guarantees fundamental rights and freedoms for citizens. The Portuguese have changed without changing themselves, preserving the national identity and traditions, the unique place that the country occupies in world history and at present. The Revolution has not only changed the trajectory, but also radically expanded the horizons of interaction between Lisbon, the states of the European continent and other parts of the world. In the current, extremely complex international situation, Portugal aims to strengthen its position on the world stage, expand the circle of trade, economic and political counterparts. One of important partners in the system of Portugal’s foreign economic ties is the Russian Federation. Despite many problems of the last time, Russian-Portuguese relations based on mutual interest maintain positive dynamics.
Keywords: Portugal, April Revolution, internal and external changes, role in international relations, trade and economic ties with Russia
REFERENCES
1. Varela R. A Revolucao dos Cravos: quando o impossivel se tornou inevitavel. Publico, Lisboa, 25.04.2019.
2. Novais Reis J. O Sistema Semipresidencial Portugues. Semipresidencialismo. Vol. II. Lisboa, Almedina, 2010. 464 p.
3. Yakovleva N.M. Portugaliya: istoriya politicheskoi modernizatsii [Portugal: the history of political modernization]. Moscow, ILA RAS, 2016. 206 p.
4. Vernikov V.L., ed. Portugaliya: put’ ot revolyutsii… [Portugal: the way from the revolution …]. Moscow, Ves’ mir, 2014. 368 p.
5. Tribunal Constitucional Portugal. Available at: http://www.tribunalconstitucional.pt/tc/partidos.html (accessed 25.05.2019).
6. Yakovleva N.M. Portugaliya v poiskakh “novogo vremeni” [Portugal in Search of “The New Times”]. Latinskaya Amerika, 2016, no. 6, pp. 38-49.
7. OCDE. Better Life Index. Available at: http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/ru/countries/portugal-ru/ (accessed 19.04.2019).
8. Yakovleva N.M., Yakovlev P.P. Portugaliya: krizis na evropeiskoi periferii. Seriya “Sammit” [Portugal: The Crisis in the European Periphery. A Series of “Summit”]. Moscow, ILA RAS, 2011. 120 p.
9. Constituicao da Republica Portuguesa. Diario da Republica electronico. Available at: https://dre.pt/web/guest/legislacaoconsolidada/-/lc/337/201904241019/127956/diploma/indice (accessed 20.05.2019).
10. Graham Lawrence S. Mudancas Sociais no Portugal de hoje. Analise Social. Terceira Serie. Vol. 21, no. 87/88/89. Lisboa, Instituto Ciencias Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa,1985, pp. 903-924.
11. Rodrigues E.V. O Estado e as Politicas Sociais em Portugal: discussao teorica e empirica em torno do Rendimento Social de Insercao. Sociologia: Revista do Departamento de Sociologia da FLUP. Vol. XX, 2010, pp. 191-230. Available at: https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/8794.pdf (accessed 10.04.2019).
12. Estanque E. O Estado Social em Causa: instituicoes sociais, politicas sociais e movimentos sociolaborais. Finisterra – Revista de Reflexao e Critica, 2012, no. 73, pp. 39-80. Available at: https://www.ces.uc.pt/myces/UserFiles/livros/1097_ESTADO%20SOCIAL_Finisterra%202012_EE.pdf (accessed 20.04.2019).
13. 30 anos de Portugal na UE: uma historia de sucesso. Expresso, Lisboa, 05.01.2016. Available at: https://expresso.pt/blogues/blogue_sem_cerimonia/2016-01-05-30-anos-de-Portugal-na-UE-uma-historia-de-sucesso#gs.djalhk (accessed 21.05.2019).
14. Governo de Portugal. Available at: https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc21/area-de-governo/educacao (accessed 29.04.2019).
15. Kargalova M.V., ed. Sotsial’naya Evropa v XXI veke [Social Europe in the XXI century]. Moscow, Ves’ mir, 2011. 528 p.
16. Medeiros Ferreira J. Portugal en transicion. Mexico, Fondo de cultura economica, 2000, pp. 142-150.
17. Mateus A. Economia Portuguesa. Evolucao no contexto internacional (1910–2013). 4a ed. Cascais, Principia, 2013. 678 p.
18. Vinhas da Silva R., Teixeira N. A Competitividade das Nacoes no seculo XXI. Casal de Cambra, Caleidoscopio, 2013. 407 p.
19. Amaral L. Economia Portuguesa, as ultimas decadas. Lisboa, FFMS, 2010. 105 p.
20. Banco de Portugal. Relatorio e contas de 2010. Lisboa, 2011. Available at: https://www.bancomontepio.pt/iwovresources/SitePublico/documentos/pt_PT/grupo/finibanco-holding/informacao-financeira/PDF_Relatorio_Contas_Holding_2010.pdf (accessed 11.04.2019).
21. Yakovleva N.M., ed. Portugaliya: epokha peremen [Portugal: The Era of Change]. Moscow, ILA RAS, 2014. 234 p.
22. Spring 2019 Economic Forecast: Growth continues at a more moderate pace. Brussels: European Commission, 2019. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/economic-performance-and-forecasts/economic-forecasts/spring-2019-economic-forecast-growth-continues-more-moderate-pace_en (accessed 17.05.2019).
23. Yakovlev P.P. Strategicheskie povoroty ekonomicheskoi politiki Portugalii [Strategical Turns in the Economic Policy of Portugal]. Latinskaya Amerika, 2014, no. 8, pp. 38-52.
24. Yakovleva N.M., ed. Ispaniya i Portugaliya v epokhu global’nykh transformatsii [Spain and Portugal in the Era of Global Transformations]. Moscow, ILA RAS, 2017. 307 p.
25. Governo lanca estrategia para a industria 4.0. Available at: http://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/ministerios/ (accessed 30.01.2017).
26. Web Summit. Lisbon. Where the tech world meets. Available at: https://websummit.com/ (accessed 29.10.2018).
27. ITC. Trade statistics for international business development. Available at: https://www.trademap.org/Product_SelCountry_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c620%7c%7c%7c%7cTOTAL%7c%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c3%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1 (accessed 17.04.2019).
28. Exportacoes valem cerca de 44% do PIB em 2018. Available at: https://observador.pt/2019/02/04/exportacoes-valem-cercade-44-do-pib-em-2018/ (accessed 12.04.2019).
29. Governo abriu 53 mercados fora da UE ó exporta cerca de 200 produtos. Available at: https://www.lusa.pt/article/25514956/ (accessed 30.01.2019).
30. Yakovleva N.M. Rol’ industrii turizma v preodolenii krizisnykh yavlenii (na primere Portugalii) [The Role of Tourism in Over Coming the Crisis (Case of Portugal)]. Svobodnaya mysl’, 2015, no. 5, pp. 177-188.
31. Receitas turisticas com novo recorde em 2018. Available at: https://www.sgeconomia.gov.pt/noticias/receitas-turisticas-comnovo-recorde-em-2018-span-classnovo-novospan.aspx (accessed 20.02.2019).
32. Yakovlev P.P. “Effekt Trampa” ili konets globalizatsii? [“Trump Effect” or the end of globalization?]. Moscow, RUSAINS, 2017. 144 p.
33. Aguiar N. Fe na “Trumponomics” comeca a esmorecer. Jornal de Negocios, Lisboa, 30.07.2017.
34. Palmeira J. O Poder de Portugal nas Relacoes Internacionais. Estrategia e politica externa. Lisboa, Prefacio-Edicao de Livros e Revistas, 2006. 299 p.
35. Portugal, la Union Europea y el euro. Entrevista con Joao Ferreira. 11 May 2017. Available at: https://www.investigaction.net/es/portugal-la-union-europea-y-el-euro-entrevista-con-joao-ferreira-primera-parte/ (accessed 24.03.2019).
36. CPLP – Comunidade dos Paises de Lingua Portuguesa. Available at: https://www.cplp.org/id-4447.aspx? Action=1&NewsId=5960&M=NewsV2&PID=10872 (accessed 13.03.2019).
37. Nogueira Leite A. A internacionalizacao da economia portuguesa. Relacoes Internacionais, Lisboa, Dezembro 2010, no. 28. Available at: http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1645–91992010000400009 (accessed 23.04.2019).
38. Duarte de Jesus J.M. Precisara Portugal de uma Politica Externa para a Asia? Nacao e Defesa, Lisboa, 2013, no. 134, pp. 8-20. Available at: https://comum.rcaap.pt/bitstream/10400.26/9639/1/JESUSJoseManuelDuartede_PrecisaraPortugaldeumapoliticaexternaparaaAsia_N_134_p_8_20.pdf (accessed 10.04.2019).
39. Jin Z., Baijie A. President kicks off visit to Portugal. Available at: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201812/05/WS5c0707fba310eff30328f106.html (accessed 05.12.2018).
40. Marcelo e Governo reforcam alinhamento com a China. Expresso, 26.04.2019. Available at: https://expresso.pt/politica/2019-04-26-Marcelo-e-Governo-reforcam-alinhamento-com-a-China#gs.djdmgr (accessed 30.04.2019).
41. Yakovleva N.M., Yakovlev P.P. Portugaliya: postrevolyutsionnoe razvitie i dinamika otnoshenii s Rossiei [Portugal: post-revolutionary development and the dynamics of relations with Russia]. Perspektivy, 20.04.2019. Available at: http://www.perspektivy.info/oykumena/politika/portugalija_postrevolucionnoje_razvitije_i_dinamika_otnoshenij_s_rossijej_2019-04-22.htm (accessed 10.05.2019).
Registered in System SCIENCE INDEX
No comments