E. Kharitonova (ekharit@imemo.ru),
Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMEMO), 23, Profsoyuznaya Str., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation;
I. Prokhorenko (irinapr@imemo.ru),
Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMEMO), 23, Profsoyuznaya Str., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
Acknowledgements. The article was prepared at IMEMO within the project “Evolving polycentric world order: risks and opportunities for Russia” of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences Programme ¹ 22 “Analysis and forecast of the new global challenges and opportunities for Russia”.
Abstract. The article looks at the United Kingdom’s and Spain’s politics and examines opportunities and limits in utilizing post-imperial identity resources in order to increase the former empires’ soft power. Comparing the countries’ contemporary experiences allows to identify characteristics relevant for Russia, which is reassessing its historical experience and declares its special interests in the former Russian Empire space in the emerging new world order. The authors analyze largely similar resources, institutional mechanisms and main instruments used by the UK and Spain in their soft power politics: language, education, arts and culture, international development assistance, and the projects aimed at reconfiguring the former colonial territories in the new historical context. The article also looks at the political elites’ and wider audiences’ perceptions regarding the cultural and ideological basis, economic interests and security considerations connected to the soft power politics, primarily in the former colonies. The major post-imperial soft power resources are language and culture, but it is economic potential, effectiveness of the social and economic models, stability of democratic institutions and a prominent role in foreign affairs that plays the defining role in increasing the attractiveness of former empires and other countries.
REFERENCES
1. Nye J. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York, New York Public Affairs, 2004. 191 p.
2. Dahlgreen W. The British Empire is ‘Something to be Proud of’. Available at: https://yougov.co.uk/news/2014/07/26/britain-proud-its-empire (05.11.2017).
3. Ethnologue. English language. Available at: https://www.ethnologue.com/language/eng (05.11.2018).
4. The English Effect. London, British Council, 2013. Available at: https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/englisheffect-report-v2.pdf (01.11.2107).
5. Crystal D. Two Thousand Million? English Today, 2008, no. 24, pp. 3-6.
6. Sanders D. Losing an Empire, Finding a Role: British Foreign Policy since 1945. London, Palgrave Macmillan, 1990. 359 p.
7. Mangold P. Success and Failure in British Foreign Policy: Evaluating the Record, 1900–2000. London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2001. 254 p.
8. Young J.W. Britain and the World in the Twentieth Century. New York, Arnold, 1997. 250 p.
9. Ortega y Gasset J. Ensayos sobre la “Generacion del 98” y otros escritores espanoles contemporaneos. Madrid, Alianza, 1981. 304 p.
10. Beneyto J.M., Pereira J.C., coords. Politica Exterior Espanola. Un Balance de Futuro (prologo de Marcelino Oreja). Madrid, Biblioteca Nueva, Instituto Universitario de Estudios Europeos, 2011. 1104 p.
11. Reynolds D. Britannia Overruled: British Policy and World Power in the Twentieth Century. London, Longman, 2000. 378 p.
12. Remarks by the BBC Director General Sir John Reith during the BBC World Service Opening Day 19 December 1932, BBC World Service Timeline. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/history/story/2007/02/070123_html_1930s.shtml (05.11.2017).
13. The British Council. History. Available at: http://www.britishcouncil.org/organisation/history (01.11.2017).
14. Egido Galvez I., Gavari Starkie E. Claves Historicas de la Accion Educativa de Espana en el exterior, El “Poder Blando” de las Relaciones Internacionales. Educacion XX1, 2009, no. 12, pp. 29-42.
15. Delgado L. Imperio de Papel. Accion Cultural y Politica Exterior durante el Primer Franquismo. Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 1992. 534 p.
16. Soft power and the UK’s Influence Committee. Oral and Written Evidence. London, House of Lords, 2014. 944 p. Available at: http://www.parliament.uk/documents/lords-committees/soft-power-uk-influence/SoftPowerEvVol2.pdf (01.11.2017).
17. Global Flow of Tertiary-Level Students. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Available at: http://uis.unesco.org/en/uis-student-flow (01.11.2017).
18. Education: Inbound Internationally Mobile Students by Country of Origin. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Available at: http://data.uis.unesco.org (01.11.2017).
19. Higher Education Student Enrolments and Qualifications Obtained at Higher Education Providers in the United Kingdom 2014/15. HESA. Available at: https://www.hesa.ac.uk/news/14-01-2016/sfr224-enrolments-and-qualifications (01.11.2017).
20. Actividad Internacional. Cooperacion Educativa. Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte de Espana. Available at: http://www.mecd.gob.es/educacion-mecd/en/ba/actividad-internacional/cooperacion-educativa.html (01.11.2017).
21. Flew T. The Creative Industries, Culture and Policy. London, Sage Publications, 2012. 248 p.
22. Gilmore J. Still a ‘Force for Good’? Good International Citizenship in British Foreign and Security Policy. The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 2015, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 106-129.
23. Development Cooperation Report 2017: Data for Development. Paris, OECD Publishing. 317 p. Available at: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/development-co-operation-report-2017_dcr-2017-en (01.11.2017).
24. EU Development Aid and the Millennium Development Goals. Special Eurobarometer 405. European Commission, 2013. 91 p. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/eb_special_419_400_en.htm (01.11.2017).
25. Solidarity That Spans the Globe: Europeans and Development Aid. Special Eurobarometer 392. European Commission, 2012. 87 p. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/eb_special_399_380_en.htm (01.11.2017).
26. Making a difference in the world: Europeans and the Future of Development Aid Report. Special Eurobarometer 375. European Commission, 2011. 98 p. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/eb_special_379_360_en.htm (01.11.2017).
27. Diaz Barrado C., Romero Morett M.G., coord. Elementos de Analisis para la Integracion de un Espacio Iberoamericano: Economia, Politica y Derecho. Madrid, Plaza Valdes, 2008. 318 p.
28. La Secretaria General Iberoamericana. Sitiooficial. Available at: http://www. segib.org (05.11.2017).
29. Vaca de Osma J.A. El Imperio y la Leyenda Negra. Madrid, Rialp, 2004. 248 p.
30. Velez I. Sobre la Leyenda Negra. Madrid, Ediciones Encuentro, 2014. 328 p.
31. British Council Annual Report 2014–2015. London, British Council, 2015. 108 p. Available at: https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/annual-report-2014-2015.pdf (01.11.2017).
32. Annual Review 2014. Cambridge, Cambridge English, 2015. 36 p.
33. La Institucion. Instituto Cervantes. Sitio official. Available at: http://www.cervantes.es/sobre_instituto_cervantes/informacion.htm (01.11.2017).
34. Triennial Review of the British Council. London, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 2014. 175 p. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/335494/140722_PDF_of_British_Council_Triennial_Review_with_Annexes_FINAL.pdf (01.11.2017).
Registered in System SCIENCE INDEX
No comments