The article deals with the main institutional problems of foreign economic activity in Russia. The sphere of research covers regulation of foreign economic activity and participation of Russia in the international economic organizations. Consideration is given to the shortcomings of the investment environment in Russia which inhibit attraction of foreign investments and cause outflow of the capital. The undertaken analysis includes the system of support of export in Russia and ways to increase its efficiency. Attention is paid to problems of the Customs Union and to the consequences of the accession of Russia to the WTO.