Abstract. The article examines Poland’s Eastern policy and its conceptual foundations. Particular attention is paid to the “Promethean concept” and the Giedroyc-Mieroszewski doctrine. It is concluded that these concepts represent part of the multidimensional construction of the self-myth. The relationships with Russia are at the heart of these concepts, through them the representation of Polish history, society and statehood takes place, and Polish identity is formed. At the same time, relations with Russia and in the post-Soviet space as a whole didn’t become a field of development of interests for Poland. Poland doesn’t have sufficient resources for a foreign policy that could correspond to the declared concepts. For this reason, Polish diplomacy in its Eastern policy prefers collective action and performs primarily agent functions.