Abstract. Low-emission nuclear power industry is called upon to play an important role in the development of the global energy industry and contribute to the solution of the problem of decarbonization of economic growth. For countries betting on the development of nuclear energy, a critical issue is the sustainability of nuclear fuel supplies in the medium and long term. The countries of Central Asia, primarily Kazakhstan and, to a lesser extent, Uzbekistan, have significant resource of natural uranium and are geographically close to large consumers of nuclear fuel in Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. Both countries plan to reach carbon neutrality: Kazakhstan – by 2060, Uzbekistan – by 2050, which may be achieved through the construction of nuclear power plants. The article considers the strategy for the development of the uranium complex in both countries, the core of which is the wide access of foreign investors to the development of uranium reserves in exchange for access to export markets and modern technologies. The achievements of Kazakhstan in increasing uranium production, the barriers to the development of the national state company Kazatomprom upward the technological chain, the prospects for nuclear energy in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are analyzed. It is concluded that the current energy crisis enhances the global interest to the development of nuclear generation, but also emphasizes the importance of an adequate assessment of the availability of uranium reserves and the prospects for diversifying its supplies to the world market.