Abstract. The article examines how security is provided and the struggle against terrorism and extremism in the countries of Central Asia and Afghanistan is conducted. It is especially noted that the situation in Afghanistan, where the Taliban is providing great organizational and material support to the IMU (banned in Russia), the radical Tajik opposition and the Uyghur separatists, is the most dangerous challenge for Central Asia. The situation in each of the Central Asian countries included in the CSTO is considered. The role of the CSTO is mentioned in this connection, as well as recommendations on its possible activities are given.