Abstract. Dependence of Central Asian states on trans-border water resources of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers causes contradictions between them on distribution of these resources. Since the regional states are unable to settle these conflicts on their own, they put expectations in international mediation. As a result the World Bank, USA and European Union take an active part in resolving the problem of water resources distribution between the regional states. Russia also starts to play an increasingly more visible role in resolving water conflicts in the region that may threaten its interests and national security.