The article is devoted to the work of the II International Congress of political economy «Return of Political Economy» (to the 400th anniversary of the birth of the name) (Moscow, May 13 - 14, 2015). Recently, in the world there is an active revival of attention to the political economy as a science, which gives substantial policy recommendations in the field of economic policy and allows you to link business processes with a broad social, political and moral context of national development of individual countries. The aim of the congress is designated reactualization fundamental political and economic research as a basis for the development of social and, ecologically, humanitarian-oriented economic development strategies; both important components of scientific and educational process-es. Congress reflects public demand for a genuine public debate to develop measures to get Russia out of the economic crisis and development of the program of renovation of the national economic system. The keynote of the congress was the motto «For the scientific knowledge and an efficient economy» and call for dialogue of different scientific schools for the sustainable development of Russia and the world.