The article is focused on international economic, political, and military factors and how they affect Russian national security. The analysis deals with the present and emerging ambivalence in global trends like growing economic interdependence and escalating interstate competitiveness. The key issue lies in how these trends are expressed in relations among traditional and emerging powers that are taking on new roles in the global order. Special attention is paid to processes related to the disintegration of the arms-control system and the related deterioration of the global and regional military-political situation, particularly in Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. The main risks to the national security of Russia associated with these changes are identified.