The factors responsible for the amorphous character of the national structural policy carried out by the Russian Federation in the 90s are analyzed and mechanisms to make it more active and clear-cut in the first decades of the 21st century are proposed. Having studied the world tendencies towards closer interaction between the state and business in economic development, the authors conclude that the concept and mechanisms of the implementation of structural policy need to be changed. The proposed concept consists in gradual transition to national structural policy that would be carried out jointly by the state, business and public institutions. As regards mechanisms of its implementation, the state, in collaboration with business and public institutions, elaborate economic strategy and provide structural and institutional facilities for the functioning of reproduction systems that ensure the country’s competitiveness at macro- and microlevels on the world and domestic markets.