The book is a new and much expanded Russian edition of the author’s earlier research report (SIPRI/Oxford University Press, 2008). It integrates analysis of the main extremist ideologies of actors that employ terrorist means in armed conflicts (especially religious extremism and radical nationalism) with the study of their organizational forms. The combination of ideological and structural resources of terrorist groups and networks at levels from local to global is seen as one of the core features of asymmetrical nature of terrorism and of those armed conflicts where terrorist means are applied. The book also offers an original typology of modern terrorism and a new interpretation of asymmetrical conflict.