The authors propose a retrospect analysis of the evolution of the notion and strategic stability concepts from the strategic doctrines in the military domain of the XIX century through such concepts during the Cold War times and toward the conceptual basis for the establishment of new world order in the XXI century. They provide explanation to the difference between the strategic stability and strategic balance concepts and stress the importance of the former concept for the creation of negotiating basis for interaction between the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. in the period of Cold War in the course of achieving strategic parity and formation of ideological footage of the dialogue on the strategic weapons’ reductions. The authors also evaluate the present and perspective factors that might undermine strategic as well as regional and transregional stabilities. The major focus is cast on the importance of unbiased approaches and science-based expertise for the compiling of urgent set of destabilizing factors. They prove by putting forward many factual arguments that the U.S. vastly disregard the destabilizing influence of their ABM systems on the contemporary geopolitical order. The article gives a verdict that the current U.S. and NATO security policies made the transit to the non- nuclear world completely impossible. At the same time, the authors perceive their major task in proposing the goal to outline the new tenets of strategic stability. They assess its new parameters on the global scope in the situation when this concept cannot be reduced to its narrow interpretation as the imperative of preventing the nuclear duel between the major nuclear states but should take into account all multiplicity of factors that define the security paradigms in the current world order realities. The authors also review the ongoing strategic modernization programs of the Russian strategic forces through the prism of their role in assuring the strategic stability and the protection of the country’s vital national interests.