The book is well-known scientist K.G. Holodkovsky is the result of his recent research on the analysis of the difficult problems of modern Russia, its place among the other countries of the modern world, its search for ways to fast and successful development, overcoming longstanding social diseases. Comparing the situation in Russia with the situation in Western countries, the author shows that there exist specific problems and difficulties, but at the same time, has accumulated valuable experience to overcome them. This experience is essential to take into account for the successful modernization of Russia. The study leads to the justification of the conclusion that by avoiding blind copying of Russian society should learn from this experience having universal significance lessons.