The article analyzes Russian-Indian scientific and technological cooperation, particularly after 2022, when this area became a priority for Russia. The purpose of the study is to identify factors limiting successful collaboration. The research is based on historical data, the theory of national innovation systems, and economic analysis. Key stages of cooperation are discussed, including projects in nuclear energy, pharmaceuticals, and IT. Major challenges include misaligned scientific priorities, insufficient funding, and organizational barriers. The results can be useful for advancing international scientific collaboration and developing effective cooperation programs. The conclusions emphasize the need to improve strategic planning, increase funding, and establish support structures for projects. Measures are proposed to strengthen collaboration by engaging small and medium-sized enterprises and aligning priorities.