The trend toward more state engagement in the mining industry has continued on the new forms of state control which are found in Africa and also in Russia, China, India, and other emerging economies. The level of state control is surprisingly high in many metals irrespective of privatizations during the late 1990s and the first decade of the 2000s. State control has increased mostly due to growth of Chinese state controlled mining in China and gradually also abroad. State control of refining is higher than in mining. This is probably due to the higher value added in this sector. There seems to be an increasing understanding of the long-term nature of mining and the need to establish stable policies to benefit optimally from mineral resources.