The article delves into the key controversies surrounding the interpretation of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), with a particular focus on the concept of the “grand bargain.” The article meticulously the interconnections between the NPT’s core elements: disarmament and non-proliferation, as well as non-proliferation and the peaceful use of nuclear energy. It also delves into differing interpretations of the Treaty’s provisions and the challenges associated with their implementation, focusing on three specific articles: I and II, which define the obligations not to transfer or acquire nuclear weapons, and X.1, which outlines the conditions for withdrawal from the Treaty.