The article analyzes the role of the industrial sector in the economy of the European Union (EU) and the evolution of its industrial policy, focusing on the concept of reindustrialization and critical industries. The EU integration process began in strategically important industries such as coal and steel, which contributed to the economic recovery of Western Europe after World War II. In the 2010s, in the context of global competition with the United States and China (PRC), the European Union began to actively develop industrial policy measures, focusing on increasing competitiveness. The article details key strategic documents and initiatives, such as the European Green Course and the Chip Law, aimed at supporting high technology and sustainable production. Special attention is paid to the microelectronics sector, which is the basis of digitalization and allows for the active development of adjacent modern technologies and economic sectors. Despite the measures taken, the European Union continues to face challenges, including a declining share in global semiconductor production and increasing dependence on supplies of important raw materials. The article highlights the need for further reforms and joint efforts of the EU member states to overcome structural problems and achieve strategic autonomy in critical sectors of the economy.