The monograph is devoted to the analysis of the existing mechanisms of the selection and implementation of R&D and innovation priorities. Comparative cross-country analysis of the different priorities setting is undertaken. In the first part of the book we study the level of national innovation priorities selection in the USA, the EU countries, Ja-pan, China and Russia. Three groups of countries that differ with respect to the character of priority settings has been analyzed. The second part of the book is devoted to the problems of implementation of general priorities in industries such as energy production, health services and agriculture. The book is addressed to the specialists who study science, technology and innovation policies, and to the government officials responsible for the definition and realization of Russia's priorities of science and technology development.