This monograph deals with the research into global complex of issues related to non-proliferation of biological weapons within the context of the Convention on Biological Weapons Prohibition and other international and national measures of limitation. Special attention is given to the analysis of military and industrial capabilities of different countries, current threats to biosecurity and bioterrorism, the role of life science in these processes, and national peculiarities related to providing biosecurity. Possible approaches to resolve the problems raised in this work are given consideration. The recommendations provided in the book may be used by policy makers, federal power authorities and academic community in the course of making decisions on international and national priorities in the area of biosecurity.