The article discusses the conceptual foundations of the analysis of national and international economic security. The author examined in detail the approaches to the definition of the concept of “economic security”. The conclusion is substantiated that today the most promising is the discussion of economic security in the context of the problem of “economic sustainability” at the national and international level. To develop priorities for economic security and determine the optimal course to achieve them, a conceptual apparatus for analyzing fundamental issues has been defined. In conclusion, key threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation are described.