In this book the analysis of the Islamic civilization is a part of the large interdisciplinary project by IMEMO RAS «Civilizations in the globalizing World» with participation of the scholars from different academic centres. The basic values and institutions of the Islamic civilization, its historical dynamics including of the process of modernization have been examined. Special attention is directed to the last decades of the XX century and to the beginning of the XXI century, when the Islamic civilization have been come to the stage of animation after long centuries of depression or stagnation. However this uplift has brought also negative consequencies (fundamentalism, terrorism etc.).