The scientific review analyses a collective monograph prepared by the Center for Ibero American Studies of the Institute of Latin American Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, titled “Spain: Adaptation to the Conditions of Political and Economic Turbulence”, as well as other key works of Russian specialists in the field of Ibero American studies, in which the policy of the government of Pedro Sánchez, socio economic and political changes in the country, dynamics of economic and foreign policy activities, and the transformation of the development model in the context of the European Union and the changing world order are considered. A starting point for the researchers was the COVID 19 pandemic, which Spain experienced particularly hard, and the defining moments the 2019 and 2023 early general parliamentary elections and the difficulties of forming a coalition government amid the fragmentation of the party system.