Turkey and Azerbaijan: One Nation – One State?

152
DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-2-90-100
V. Avatkov, v.avatkov@gmail.com 
Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMEMO), Profsoyuznaya Str., 23, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation. 

Received 05.03.2021.

Abstract. The article scrutinizes Turkish-Azerbaijani key areas of cooperation – political, economic, military-technical, cultural and humanitarian. For instance, in addition to intensive interaction at the level of high-ranking political elites, Azerbaijani-Turkish unity in the political context is largely built on the basis of classifying foreign policy partners into common friends and common enemies (the “friend-foe” principle). Thus, both Ankara and Baku are building friendly relations with the Turkic states of Central Asia. At the same time, Armenia acts as a common “enemy”. In the military sphere, both states seek to form Turkey-oriented militarized structures and, moreover, to create a unified Turkic army in the long term. The nature of economic relations between Azerbaijan and Turkey is largely based on a competitive basis. Energy acts as a unifying and at the same time a divisive factor since both states strive for leadership in this area, seeking to occupy a special place in the regional energy market. In the cultural and humanitarian sphere, the unfolding Turkey-centric integration is of particular importance. The author comes to the conclusion that nowadays the bilateral relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan are characterized by the “merging” of the two countries into a single Turkey-centric space, which manifests in almost all fields of interaction. The Republic of Turkey seeks to influence Baku in order to make it a reference point of the “Turkic world” under its auspices. This trend is most likely to strengthen in the future. 

Keywords: Turkey, Azerbaijan, Transcaucasia, Nagorno-Karabakh, “Turkic world”, pan-Turkism, cooperation, foreign policy, energy


REFERENCES

  1. Bol’shakov A.G., Mansurov T.Z. Institutionalization of Political Identity in the South Caucasus. Political Expertise: POLITEX, 2013, no. 3, pp. 5-23. (In Russ.)
  2. Svarants A. Pan-Turkism in Turkey’s Geostrategy in the Caucasus. Moscow, Akademiya Gumanitarnykh Issledovanii, 2002. 599 p. (In Russ.)
  3. Ryabov A.V. The Post-Soviet Space: Factors and Cycles of Development. Russia and New States of Eurasia, 2018, no. 3, pp. 67-82. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.20542/2073-4786-2018-3-67-82 
  4. Extract from the Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan. President of the Republic of Azerbaijan (In Russ.) Available at: https://ru.president.az (accessed 23.03.2021).
  5. Ahmetbeyoğlu A. Göktürkler. T.C. İstanbul Üniversitesi. [Ahmetbeyoğlu A. Göktürks. T.R. Istanbul University. (In Turk.)] Available at: http://auzefkitap.istanbul.edu.tr/kitap/tarih_ao/gokturkler.pdf (accessed 23.03.2021).
  6. Türkiye–Azerbaycan Siyasi İlişkileri. T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı. [Turkey–Azerbaijan Political Relations. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (In Turk.)] Available at: http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-azerbaycan-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa (accessed 23.03.2021).
  7. Gadzhiev K.C. Iran and Turkey’s Relations with the States of the South Caucasus. Russia and New States of Eurasia, 2020, no. 2, pp. 94-106. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.20542/2073-4786-2020-2-94-106 
  8. Kolesnichenko M. Azerbaijan in the System of International Relations. Russia and the Moslem World, 2012, no. 3, pp. 81-89. (In Russ.)
  9. Druzhilovskii S.B. Iranian-Turkish Rivalry in Transcaucasia. Observer, 2012, no. 4 (267), pp. 43-49. (In Russ.)
  10. Avatkov V.A. Ideology and Values in Turkey’s Foreign Policy. MGIMO Review of International Relations, 2019, no. 2, pp. 113-129. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2019-4-67-113-129 
  11. Denisova S. The Grey Wolves. Russian International Affairs Council. (In Russ.) Available at: https://russiancouncil.ru/turkeyextremists-greywolves (accessed 04.04.2021).
  12. Gorodnyanskii A. Elchibey in Turkey. Turkey Strengthens “Special Relationship” with Azerbaijan. Kommersant, 05.11.1992. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/28916 (accessed 23.03.2021).
  13. The Armenian-Azerbaijani war over Nagorno-Karabakh. Istoriya Diplomatii i Mezhdunarodnykh Otnoshenii. (In Russ.) Available at: https://diphis.ru/armyano_azerbaydjanskaya_voyna_iz_za_nagornog-a1513.html (accessed 23.03.2021).
  14. Arbatova N. Three Dimensions of Post-Soviet “Frozen” Conflicts. Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 2019, vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 88-100. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2019-63-5-88-100   
  15. Conversation during the Meeting of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev with the Wounded Officers and Soldiers in the Special Operating Department of the Military Medical Academy “Gulhane”. “Heydar Aliyev HeritageInternational Online Library, 02.11.1999. (In Russ.) Available at: https://lib.aliyev-heritage.org/ru/3716843.html (accessed 24.03.2021).
  16. Azerbaijan-Turkey Relations. “Heydar Aliyev HeritageInternational Online Library. (In Russ.) Available at: https://lib.aliyev-heritage.org/ru/4610295.html (accessed 24.03.2021).
  17. Azerbaycan ve Türkiye arasında kimlikle seyahat dönemi başladı. Sputnik, 01.04.2021. [Azerbaijan and Turkey Began the Identity Card Travel between the Countries. Sputnik, 01.04.2021. (In Turk.)] Available at: https://tr.sputniknews.com/turkiye/202104011044167728-azerbaycan-ve-turkiye-arasinda-kimlikle-seyahat-donemi-basladi/ (accessed 01.04.2021).
  18. A Monument to the Founder of the Turkish Republic Mustafa Kemal Ataturk Has Been Opened in Baku. Azertac, 17.05.2010. (In Russ.) Available at: https://azertag.az (accessed 25.03.2021).
  19. “The 21st Century Will Become the Century of the Turkic world”. Thoughts, views, Memories of the Head of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev in 10 Quotes. Kommersant, 24.10.2019. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4126171#id=5 (accessed 25.03.2021).
  20. Mehriban Aliyeva Congratulated the Turkish People on the Republic Day. Anadolu Agency, 29.10.2020. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr (accessed 26.03.2021).
  21. Erdogan Congratulated the First Lady of Azerbaijan on Her Appointment as Vice-President. RIA Novosti, 21.02.2017. (In Russ.) Available at: https://ria.ru/20170221/1488542314.html (accessed 26.03.2021).
  22. Markedonov S.M. Azerbaijan: Without Friends and Enemies. Russia and the Moslem World, 2007, no. 11, pp. 63-71. (In Russ.) Available at: https://globalaffairs.ru/articles/azerbajdzhan-bez-druzej-i-bez-vragov/ (accessed 26.03.2021).
  23. Turkey Will Continue to Support Fraternal Azerbaijan. Anadolu Agency, 09.12.2020. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr (accessed 04.04.2021).
  24. Legal Basis of Azerbaijan-Turkey Military Cooperation. Journal of Scientific Papers of Azerbaijan Higher Military School, 2016, no. 1 (26), pp. 3-14. (In Turk.)
  25. Parubochaya E.F. Cooperation between Turkey and Azerbaijan in the Military Field at the Turn of the XX–XXI Centuries. Vestnik Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, 2015, no. 6, pp. 24-36. (In Russ.)
  26. Turkey-Azerbaijan: From Defense Cooperation to Military Alliance. Anadolu Agency, 31.10.2017. (In Turk.) Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz-haber/turkiye-azerbaycan-savunma-is-birliginden-askeri-ittifaka/952323 (accessed 27.03.2021).
  27. The Attack Helicopter Crashed on A Test Flight. Timetürk, 23.03.2010. (In Turk.) Available at: https://www.timeturk.com/tr/2010/03/23/atak-helikopteri-test-ucusunda-dustu.html (accessed 04.04.2021).
  28. Nadein-Raevskii V.A. Pan-Turkism: Ideology, History, and Politics. The Expansionist Doctrine: From the Ottoman Empire to the Present Day and the Fates of Turkey, Russia and Armenia. Moscow, Izdatel’stvo “Russkaya Panorama”, 2017. 316 p. (In Russ.)
  29. President Ilham Aliyev’s Speech at the Opening Ceremony of the Ataturk Center in Azerbaijan. Official site of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, 17.05.2010. (In Russ.) Available at: https://ru.president.az/articles/55/print (accessed 30.11.2021).
  30. Aslanlı A. 10. Azerbaijan-Turkey Strategic Partnership Agreement and Joint Military Exercises. Anadolu Agency, 10.08.2020. (In Turk.) Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/10-yilinda-azerbaycan-turkiye-stratejik-ortaklik-anlasmasi-ve-ortak-askeri-tatbikatlar/1937068 (accessed 27.03.2021).
  31. The Exercises of the Turkish and Azerbaijani Armed Forces Continue in Kars. Anadolu Agency, 07.02.2021. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr (accessed 27.03.2021).
  32. Tarasov S. Who Will Bring Turkey Out of the State of War. Regnum, 05.11.2020. (In Russ.) Available at: https://regnum.ru/news/polit/3107704.html (accessed 28.03.2021).
  33. The Armenian Defense Ministry Claims Turkey Corrects Azerbaijan’s UAV Strikes on Karabakh. TASS, 11.10.2020. (In Russ.) Available at: https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/9686347 (accessed 28.03.2021).
  34. Turkey Reported Sending 60 Military Personnel to Azerbaijan. RBK, 23.12.2020. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5fe26be39a79473ad5116349 (accessed 28.03.2021).
  35. Krivosheev K. Azerbaijan Held a Parade. Kommersant, 11.12.2020. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4606163#id1987527 (accessed 28.03.2021).
  36. Voitolovskii F.G. Ideological Reflection of World Politics. International Trends, 2007, no. 5, pp. 44-56. (In Russ.)
  37. Economy of Azerbaijan. Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of foreign Affairs. (In Turk.) Available at: http://www.mfa.gov.tr/azerbaycan-ekonomisi.tr.mfa (accessed 28.03.2021).
  38. Turkey Aims to Increase Trade Turnover with Azerbaijan – Ministry of Trade. Anadolu Agency, 11.09.2020. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr (accessed 28.03.2021).
  39. Trade and Economic Relations of the Republic of Turkey with the CIS Member States. CIS Executive Committee. (In Russ.) Available at: http://old.e-cis.info/foto/pages/25828.pdf (accessed 28.03.2021).
  40. Pritchin S.A. The Energy Sector as a Key Factor of Azerbaijan’s Regional Leadership. Postsovetskie Issledovaniya, 2021, no. 2, pp. 110-118. (In Russ.)
  41. STAR Aegean Refinery. NS Energy. Available at: https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/star-aegean-refinery/ (accessed 30.11.2021).
  42. Krylov A. Azerbaijan on the Path of Post-Soviet Development. Russia and the Moslem World, 2011, no. 3, pp. 59-66. (In Russ.)
  43. “One nation – two states”. A Conference Dedicated to the Memory of Heydar Aliyev Was Held in Turkey. Anadolu Agency, 13.12.2012. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr (accessed 29.03.2021).
  44. Ilham Aliyev Is Invited to the First Prayer at the Hagia Sophia Mosque. Moskva-Baku.ru, 22.07.2020. (In Russ.) Available at: https://moscow-baku.ru/news/politics/ilkham_aliev_priglashen_na_pervyy_namaz_v_sobore_svyatoy_sofii/ (accessed 04.04.2021).
  45. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfının gönderdiği 6 tır insani yardım Azerbaycan’a ulaştı. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, 11.12.2020. [6 Trucks of Humanitarian Aid Sent by the Turkish Religious Foundation Reached Azerbaijan. Turkey Diyanet Foundation, 11.12.2020. (In Turk.)] Available at: https://tdv.org/tr-TR/turkiye-diyanet-vakfinin-gonderdigi-6-tir-insani-yardim-azerbaycana-ulasti/ (accessed 04.04.2021).
  46. Shusha Was Proposed to Be Declared the Cultural Capital of the Turkic World. RIA Novosti, 19.01.2021. (In Russ.) Available at: https://ria.ru/20210119/shusha-1593699341.html (accessed 30.03.2021).
  47. Ilham Aliyev: Zangezur Will Play Unifying Role for the Turkic World. Anadolu Agency, 31.03.2021. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr (accessed 31.03.2021).
  48. Friday Prayer Was Performed in Shusha After 28 Years. Anadolu Agency, 13.11.2020. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr (accessed 04.04.2021).
  49. When Will the Turks Remember the Unified Turkish Language Amid Kazakhstan’s Transition to the Latin Alphabet? NewsFront, 26.03.2021. (In Russ.) Available at: https://news-front.info/2021/03/26/kogda-turki-vspomnyat-o-edinom-tureczkom-yazyke-v-kontekste-perehoda-kazahstana-na-latiniczu/ (accessed 04.04.2021).
  50. Kazakhstan Has Launched the International All-Turkish Channel Turkistan. TRT, 22.03.2021. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.trtrussian.com/novosti-kazahstan/kazahstan-zapustil-mezhdunarodnyj-obshetyurkskij-kanal-turkistan-4854151 (accessed 04.04.2021).
  51. Dzhamalan A. From the History of the Opening of Turkish Schools in Azerbaijan and Their Activities. AzerHistory. (In Russ.) Available at: https://azerhistory.com/?p=32449 (accessed 30.03.2021).
  52. Turkish Education Foundation Reaches Agreement on Opening Schools in Azerbaijan. Anadolu Agency, 05.02.2021. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr (accessed 31.03.2021).
  53. Azerbaijan: How History Textbooks Are Written. BBC, 06.11.2013. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.bbc.com/russian/international/2013/11/131028_history_textbook_azerbaijan.amp (accessed 01.04.2021)

Registered in System SCIENCE INDEX

For citation:
Avatkov V. Turkey and Azerbaijan: One Nation – One State?. World Eñonomy and International Relations, 2022, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 90-100. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-2-90-100



Comments (0)

No comments

Add comment







Indexed

 

 

 

 

Dear authors! Please note that in the VAK List of peer-reviewed scientific journals, in which the main scientific results of dissertations for the degree of candidate and doctor of sciences should be published for the “MEMO Journal” the following specialties are recorded:
economic sciences:
5.2.5. World Economy.
5.2.1. Economic Theory
5.2.3. Regional and Branch Economics
political sciences:
5.5.4. International Relations
5.5.1. History and Theory of Politics
5.5.2. Political Institutions, Processes, Technologies

 

Current Issue
2024, vol. 68, No. 3
Topical Themes of the Issue:
  • Bretton Woods 2.0: Towards a New Global Financial Architecture
  • Transformation of the EU Political Party System on the Eve of the 2024 European Election
  • South Asia in Regional and World Politics
Submit an Article
INVITATION FOR PUBLICATION
The Editorial Board invites authors to write analytical articles on the following topics:
  • changes in the processes of globalization in modern conditions
  • formation of the new world order
  • shifts in civilization at the stage of transition to a digital society

The editors are also interested in publishing synthesis articles / scientific reviews revealing the main trends in the development of certain regions of the world - Latin America, Africa, South Asia, etc.